Scientists have discovered evidence that liquid water was once exposed to the air in ancient, shallow lakes on Mars. The finding is evidence that not all water on the Red Planet was covered in ice, as some Martian climate models suggest.
Planetary geologists and astronomers studying Mars have known for decades that water was once likely present on the planet, after NASA's Mariner 9 mission captured images of dry gullies in the 1970s. But there has been ongoing debate about what form that water took and how long it lasted. Some models predict that any liquid water on Mars' surface must have been covered by sheets of ice before it disappeared.
However, the new findings, which were published Jan. 15 in the journal Science Advances,, tell a different story. The patterns, which were photographed by NASA's Curiosity rover, are known as wave ripples — minute ridge-like structures that form along the shores of lakebeds. This means that exposed liquid water must have flowed across Mars' surface at some point in its history. The ripples were present in two separate lakebeds in Gale Crater, which Curiosity has been exploring since Aug. 2012.
"The shape of the ripples could only have been formed under water that was open to the atmosphere and acted upon by wind," study first author Claire Mondro, a sedimentologist at CalTech, said in a statement.
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Hope for life?
The researchers also analyzed the height and spacing of the ripple waves to determine the size of the lake that formed them. The structures are approximately 0.2 inches (6 millimeters) tall and about 1.6 to 2 inches (4 to 5 centimeters) apart, indicating they were left by small waves. Based on these dimensions, the researchers believe the Martian lake must have been less than 2 meters (6.5 feet) deep.
Both dry lakebeds appear to have formed around 3.7 billion years ago, indicating that Mars had an atmosphere dense and warm enough to support liquid water for longer than previously thought — which could have intriguing implications. "Extending the length of time that liquid water was present extends the possibilities for microbial habitability later into Mars's history," Mondro said. In other words: living organisms may have had a longer window in which they could have evolved on the Red Planet.
Most of Mars' atmosphere and surface water were later stripped away over billions of years. Scientists believe this occurred because the planet lost its magnetic field, leaving it vulnerable to solar radiation. As the powerful solar wind bombarded the Martian atmosphere, most of the planet's carbon dioxide and water evaporated into space, leaving behind the frigid desert we know today.
