Majority-Shiite Iraq has been paralysed by political gridlock for nearly a year. Tensions are mounting between two powerful Shiite factions: one loyal to nationalist cleric Moqtada al-Sadr, on the one hand, and an alliance of pro-Iran interests led by former Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki on the other. FRANCE 24 looks at the various players jostling for power.
Unable to agree on forming a new government and appointing a new prime minister, two very different manifestations of political Shiism have been locked in a bitter impasse ever since Iraq’s parliamentary elections in October 2021.
On one side is nationalist cleric Moqtada al-Sadr – the big winner in those legislative polls – who had hoped to put one of his allies in place as prime minister after forming a coalition with other religious communities.
On the other side is the pro-Iran Coordination Framework, an umbrella group of several parties including that of ex-PM Nuri al-Maliki and the Conquest Alliance, the political wing of the Popular Mobilisation Forces, a former paramilitary group.
The Sadrist bloc on Friday called for the dissolution of parliament and fresh parliamentary elections. Al-Sadr’s supporters have been demonstrating with a sit-in in front of the Iraqi parliament for nearly two weeks.
Al-Sadr’s pro-Iranian rivals initially agreed to another parliamentary election under certain conditions. Now they are calling for a new government to be formed before any new polls. They even presented their candidate for the prime minister position in late July: Mohamed Chia al-Soudani, a former governor of Missane province in southern Iraq.
FRANCE 24 takes a closer look at the main Shiite actors driving the political contest.
Moqtada al-Sadr
Al-Sadr underlined just how powerful he is in the 2021 legislative elections when his party won the most seats, with 73 MPs.
He was long known in Iraq as the son of Ayatollah Mohammed Sadek al-Sadr, the champion of militant Shiism, whom Saddam Hussein assassinated in 1999.
But al-Sadr won infamy in the West in the 2000s as the leader of the Mahdi Army, the militia that fought against US troops occupying Iraq.
After his strong showing in last year’s parliamentary polls, he wanted to form a majority with his allies from two Sunni groups, Azm and Taqadom, as well as Masoud Barzani’s Kurdistan Democratic Party. But Iraq was left with the current deadlock instead.
The populist cleric is adored by his political base, which sees him as the standard-bearer of Iraqi nationalism. But the 48-year-old’s detractors point to his frequent U-turns.
Given his popularity, al-Sadr has refused to cede power to his rivals and seems confident that he can avoid doing so, assuming that he would perform well if new elections were held.
Al-Sadr demanded that his MPs resign in June, leaving his opponents to try and form a government. The cleric then sent his supporters to occupy parliament on July 30, remaining for nearly a week before moving their sit-in to its grounds. In particular, the Sadrist protesters were railing against the candidacy of al-Soudani, the candidate al-Sadr’s rivals had put forward.
On Wednesday, al-Sadr said he was giving the judiciary a week to dissolve parliament.
Mohamed Chia al-Soudani
Mohamed Chia al-Soudani is a seasoned politician hailing from Iraq's political elite. The former governor of southern Missane province, he has also served in several ministerial roles, notably as minister for employment and social affairs between 2014 and 2018.
As the Coordination Framework’s candidate for prime minister, 52-year-old al-Soudani may soon be taking on a new role as the preferred candidate of the alliance of pro-Iranian Shiite groups facing off against Moqtada al-Sadr’s camp.
Al-Soudani left the parliamentary coalition of former PM al-Maliki, with whom he is close, in December 2019. He now faces off against both men as he vies for renewed influence in Iraqi politics.
Hadi al-Ameri
Widely described as "Iran’s man in Baghdad", the 68-year-old al-Ameri wields enormous influence in Iraqi politics. Analysts say the two people who really have the power to lead Iraq out of its impasse are al-Ameri and al-Sadr, his great rival.
The former transport minister first rose to the fore in 2014 when then PM Nuri al-Maliki gave him a role overseeing the fight against the Islamic State (IS) group in eastern Iraq, presumably at Tehran’s behest.
Al-Ameri also saw his Badr militia – originally formed by Iran in 1982 during the Iraq-Iran war, then made up of Iraqi Shiites exiled in Iran – effectively integrated into a powerful paramilitary organisation, the Popular Mobilisation Forces, which allowed him to impose himself as a key player in Iraqi politics.
In the 2018 legislative elections, the Popular Mobilisation Forces’ political arm, the Conquest Alliance, won 48 of Iraq’s parliamentary seats. This put the bloc in second place behind al-Sadr’s political group.
But these days the Popular Mobilisation Forces are not so popular. Many Iraqis blame them for the killings and kidnappings of protesters against the country’s entire political class in late 2019. As such, the Conquest Alliance was left with just 17 MPs in the 2021 polls.
Al-Ameri is disputing the results through both protests and legal avenues, and refuses to give up power to the Sadrists.
Nuri al-Maliki
The 72-year-old is one of the major figures of Iraq’s post-Saddam era. Al-Maliki’s eight-year tenure as prime minister came to an end in 2014 when he lost the support of allies in Tehran, Washington, and indeed, within his own Shiite faction in the Iraqi parliament.
Al-Maliki’s many detractors accuse him of worsening Iraq’s instability during his tenure – with some saying his authoritarian and sectarian approach alienated Iraqi Sunnis and thereby fuelled the rise of the IS group. At the time, al-Sadr even called him the “new Saddam”.
But al-Maliki remains influential due to his alliance with al-Ameri, which makes him a leading player in the Coordination Framework’s tug-of-war with al-Sadr’s bloc.
This article was adapted from the original in French.
