The United States is seeking to secure supplies of TNT in Japan for 155mm artillery shells, as Washington rushes weapons and ammunition to Ukraine for a planned counteroffensive against Russian forces.
For pacifist Japan, any procurement could court controversy because export rules ban Japanese companies from selling lethal items overseas, such as the howitzer shells that Ukraine fires daily at Russian units occupying its southeastern regions.
Nonetheless, the allies appear to have found a workaround to enable the TNT sale amid global shortages of munitions, two people familiar with the matter told the Reuters news agency.
“There is a way for the United States to buy explosives from Japan,” one of the people with knowledge of discussions on the matter in Japan told Reuters on condition of anonymity, citing the issue’s sensitivity.
Export restrictions for dual-use products or equipment sold commercially are less stringent than for items with a purely military purpose.
Tokyo, which hosted US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin this week, has told the US government it will allow the sale of industrial TNT because the explosive is not a military-use-only product, the other source said.
The US wants to add a Japanese company into a TNT supply chain to deliver explosives to US army-owned munitions plants that would pack them into 155mm shell cases, the person added.
Japan’s Ministry of Trade, Industry and Economy declined to say whether any Japanese company had approached it about exporting TNT. It added in an email that items not subject to military restrictions would be assessed under regular export rules that consider the buyer’s intent, including whether their use would impede international security.
The Japanese defence ministry’s Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Agency declined to comment.
The US state department did not directly address questions from Reuters about whether the US planned to buy TNT in Japan but said Washington was working with allies and partners “to provide Ukraine with the support it needs” to defend itself.
Japan, it added, “has demonstrated leadership in supporting Ukraine’s defence”.
Eager to help
Japan has already imposed sanctions on Russia over its full-scale invasion of Ukraine and offered assistance in the form of non-lethal aid, such as body armour and food rations.
Following Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s visit to Japan during the G7 leaders summit in Hiroshima last month, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida agreed to donate jeeps and trucks.
Kishida wants to help Ukraine because his administration fears a Russian victory would embolden China to attack the self-ruled island of Taiwan and embroil his country in a regional war.
Last year, he warned that Ukraine me be “East Asia tomorrow”, and his administration announced Japan’s biggest military build-up since World War II.
There appears to be growing acceptance in Japan about providing military aid to Ukraine, but the degree of lethality is contentious, said Tsuneo Watanabe, a senior fellow at the Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
“The fact that Japan has decided to give trucks to Ukraine shows that things are changing. However, there doesn’t yet appear to be any political consensus around the issue of sending lethal aid,” he said.
Japan is one of the dozens of allies that Washington is asking to help arm Ukraine as it wrestles with stretched military supply chains.
South Korea, which also uses 155mm shells, is among those the US has approached. A South Korean defence official told Reuters that Seoul’s stance against providing lethal aid to Kyiv had not changed.
Asked in Tokyo this week about the possibility of a shift in Japanese policy on lethal aid, Austin said at a press briefing that any change would be a matter for Japan but “any bit of support” for Ukraine was “always welcome”.
The sources who spoke to Reuters declined to identify the Japanese company that would supply explosives to the US government and did not say how much TNT Washington wanted to buy.
Reuters contacted 22 explosives makers listed on the Japan Explosives Industry Association’s website. The only one that said it made industrial TNT was Chugoku Kayaku, a Hiroshima-based firm that supplies Japan’s military.
“We have not received any direct inquiry from the US government or US military,” the company said in an email.
Asked if it was discussing any TNT sales through an intermediary, the firm, which lists an industrial TNT product on its website, said it did not disclose the identity of customers or potential buyers.
