The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants for two senior Russian officials, accusing them of overseeing war crimes against civilians during Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Former Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu, a close ally of Vladimir Putin, and military chief General Valery Gerasimov have been accused of “directing attacks at civilian objects”, “causing excessive incidental harm to civilians or damage to civilian objects”, and perpetrating the crime against humanity of “inhumane acts”.
The statement from the ICC added that there are “reasonable grounds to believe that the two suspects bear responsibility for missile strikes carried out by the Russian armed forces against the Ukrainian electric infrastructure from at least 10 October 2022 until at least 9 March 2023”.
It added that the court believes that where strike targets may have qualified as military objectives at the time, the “expected incidental civilian harm and damage would have been clearly excessive to the anticipated military advantage”.
The warrants come as Russia has again stepped up its long-range assault on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure in recent months, launching at least eight large-scale aerial assaults in recent weeks. Moscow launched dozens of drones and missiles during the latest attack, injuring numerous civilian workers and causing yet more blackouts across the country.
Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky recently said that Moscow had destroyed half of his country’s electricity-generating capacity since it began pummelling its energy facilities in late March. Mr Zelensky has repeatedly called on Ukraine’s allies to send more air-defence systems. He has specifically requested seven sophisticated Patriot air-defence systems from the US.
Each winter during Russia’s more than two-year invasion of Ukraine, Moscow has conducted airstrikes against Ukraine’s energy grid, which it claims is a legitimate military target. The missile and drone attacks on power plants and other infrastructure have killed hundreds of civilians, Ukrainian officials have said, and left millions with no electricity or water for long periods.
ICC chief prosecutor Karim Khan visited Ukraine in March last year to investigate Russia’s aerial campaign. The Kremlin maintains that it does not target civilians.
“Every criminal involved in the planning and execution of these strikes must know that justice will be served,” Mr Zelensky said. “And we do hope to see them behind bars.”
Mr Zelensky’s top adviser, Andriy Yermak, labelled the move by the ICC an “important decision”, adding that it was clear that Mr Shoigu and Gen Gerasimov “bear individual responsibility”. “Everyone will be [held] responsible for evil,” he wrote on the Telegram messenger app.
Ukraine’s human rights ombudsman Dmytro Lubinets said that the ICC decision meant his country was a step closer to getting justice. “Sooner or later, a just punishment will overtake every war criminal!” he said in a statement posted on Telegram.
There is no immediate likelihood of either suspect being detained. Russia is not a member of the global court, does not recognise its jurisdiction, and refuses to hand over suspects. Russia’s Security Council claimed the court’s action was part of a hybrid war against Moscow.
“This is just shooting the breeze, since the jurisdiction of the ICC does not extend to Russia, and was made as part of the hybrid war of the West against our country,” state news agency Tass quoted the council as saying.
At least six Russian officials have become subject to arrest warrants since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In March last year, warrants were issued for Mr Putin and his children’s commissioner Maria Lvova-Belova for their role in the alleged forcible deportation of Ukrainian children.
In March 2024, the ICC issued arrest warrants for top Russian commanders Sergei Kobylash and Viktor Sokolov over suspected war crimes in Ukraine, again related to “missile strikes carried out by the forces under their command against the Ukrainian electric infrastructure from at least 10 October 2022 until at least 9 March 2023”.
The latest round of arrest warrants deals a blow to two of Russia’s most senior officials, both of whom have been heavily involved in Mr Putin’s invasion of Ukraine. Russia has denied committing war crimes in Ukraine and has accused the ICC of unfairly targeting Russian officials.
Mr Shoigu served as Mr Putin’s defence minister from 2012 until earlier this year, before he was appointed the head of the Russian Security Council, a top role in the Kremlin that puts him in charge of the country’s domestic and international security.
He was an instrumental figure in overseeing Mr Putin’s invasion of Ukraine. Last year, he visited North Korea ahead of Mr Putin’s meeting with the nation’s dictator Kim Jong-un, in what experts said paved the way for an eventual military deal that saw Moscow receive lethal weapons from Pyongyang that they allegedly later used against Ukraine.
Gen Gerasimov, who last year was appointed operational commander of the “special military operation” – a propagandistic phrase used by the Kremlin to describe the invasion of Ukraine – has directly overseen the war since its beginning. He is both the chief of the general staff and the deputy defence minister.
The Geneva Conventions and additional protocols shaped by international courts say that parties involved in a military conflict must distinguish between “civilian objects and military objectives” and that attacks on civilian objects are forbidden.
The arrest warrants bar Mr Shoigu and Gen Gerasimov from being able to visit any of the 124 signatories to the ICC, as those countries will be obliged to arrest the two officials once they arrive.
It comes as Ukraine is set to officially launch membership talks with the European Union in what President Zelensky has described as a dream come true for his country’s citizens. Deputy prime minister for European and Euro-Atlantic integration Olga Stefanishyna will lead Ukraine’s delegation at an intergovernmental conference in Luxembourg on Tuesday, marking the official opening of talks to align the countries’ laws and standards with those of the 27-nation bloc.
A few hours later, Moldova, which applied to join the EU after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and was granted candidate status four months later, will take part in a separate intergovernmental conference to officially launch its own accession process.
Starting the talks process is sending another strong signal of solidarity with Ukraine beyond the billions in financial support the EU has provided. It is also a show of support for Moldova, which has faced its own challenges with Russia.
“Generations of our people are realising their European dream. Ukraine is returning to Europe,” Mr Zelensky said in an online post after EU member states agreed on Friday to open the talks.
The negotiations will likely begin in a few months’ time, and the membership process will take years. Ukraine wants to join by 2030, but it must notably carry out dozens of institutional and legal reforms first. That daunting list is led by steps to combat corruption, and includes broad reforms to public administration and the judiciary.
When it comes to the battlefield, Mr Zelensky has fired the military commander leading the charge of Kyiv’s troops in eastern Ukraine after Lieutenant General Yuriy Sodol was accused of “killing more Ukrainian soldiers than any Russian general”.
In his nightly video message, Mr Zelensky announced that Lt Gen Sodol had been replaced by Brigadier General Andriy Hnatov. The move came a day after Bohdan Krotevych, the leader of Ukraine’s Azov regiment, accused the general of being responsible for significant military setbacks and major losses in personnel.
Without mentioning Lt Gen Sodol by name, Mr Krotevych wrote: “All the military now understand what kind of person I’m talking about, because 99 per cent of the military hate him for what he does.”
