The birth of the literary movement known as New Journalism can be traced to one coffee-fuelled episode in 1963: Tom Wolfe’s all-nighter. He had been sent to California by Esquire magazine to report on a gathering of custom-car designers and casually cool teenagers.
Photos of lacquer-painted cars were laid out on the pages, and the magazine was about to go to press, but Wolfe wasn’t able to complete his first assignment for the magazine. Finally, managing editor Byron Dobell told him to write up his notes as a memo, which the editors would shape into a story. Wolfe began typing at 8pm.
“I wrapped up the memorandum about 6:15am,” he later wrote, “and by this time it was 49 pages long. I took it over to Esquire as soon as they opened up, about 9:30am. About 4pm I got a call from Byron Dobell. He told me they were striking out the ‘Dear Byron’ at the top of the memorandum and running the rest of it in the magazine.”
The story, “There Goes (Varoom! Varoom!) That Kandy Kolored (Thphhhhhh!) Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby”, was more than a dutiful report on the car convention. Wolfe had discovered an underground culture among the West Coast car designers, hailing them as the vanguard of a new form of modern art, not unlike Picasso.
“I don’t have to dwell on the point that cars mean more to these kids than architecture did in Europe’s great formal century, say, 1750 to 1850,” he wrote. “They are freedom, style, sex, power, motion, colour – everything is right there.”
Seldom had journalism seen such an audacious display of observation, wry humour and go-for-baroque verbal dexterity. Wolfe invented words, wrote in the point of view of his characters and peppered his pages with ellipses, italics and exclamation marks. Just like that, the legend of Tom Wolfe was born.
“It was like he discovered it in the middle of the night,” Dobell told Vanity Fair in 2015. “Wherever it came from, it seemed to me to tap a strain of pure American humour that wasn’t being tapped.”
Wolfe, who has died aged 88, had a transformative effect on journalism and later became a best-selling novelist. In 1963, he was a little-known reporter at the New York Herald Tribune. Less than two years later, when his first collection, The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby, was published, he was one of the most famous and influential writers of his generation.
His books became bestsellers, and his explosive, fast-moving prose was seen as the perfect vehicle for the times. He invented or popularised such phrases as “good old boy”, “radical chic”, the “Me Decade” (sometimes altered to “Me Generation”) and “pushing the envelope”.
Perhaps his most memorable coinage was the title of what is often considered his greatest achievement: The Right Stuff. Published in 1979, the book was an epic account of the idea of American heroism, viewed through the exploits of military test pilots and astronauts.
Wolfe chronicled the rise of the hippie generation in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968), mocked the pretensions of Manhattan liberals in Radical Chic (1970) and of the art world in The Painted Word (1975). He gleefully violated the city editor’s dictum to trim each sentence to a sleek, understated nugget of news: for Wolfe, no verbal extravagance was too much.
“American journalism has never had a practitioner who combined the attributes of talent, audacity, learning, legwork and pure observation as well as Tom Wolfe,” author and scholar Ben Yagoda wrote in The Art of Fact, a 1997 anthology of narrative nonfiction.
Wolfe was considered the leader of an ink-stained avant-garde that included Jimmy Breslin, Joan Didion, George Plimpton, Gay Talese and Hunter S Thompson. Their personal, immersive style was imitated, with varying degrees of success, in practically every newspaper feature section in the country.
“The most important literature being written in America today is in nonfiction,” Wolfe asserted in his 1973 anthology, The New Journalism, which became the standard if prosaic rubric for his style of writing.
He borrowed certain techniques from fiction, including characterisation and dialogue, but knew that journalism had something else going for it: “the simple fact that the reader knows all this actually happened”.
In almost everything he wrote, Wolfe examined what he called “status details” – the finer points of behaviour, trends, fashion and the pursuit of prestige that, in his view, shaped the American social order. Sullen teenagers, Southern good old boys, arty urbanites, elite test pilots – all measured themselves by what their peers thought of them. (Perhaps as a marker of his own status, Wolfe pronounced the word “stay-tus”.)
Despite frequent appearances on television and on college campuses, Wolfe remained curiously opaque. He wasn’t a pill-popping, pistol-waving renegade like Thompson; he didn’t dabble in Hollywood like Didion; he wasn’t a party host like Plimpton; and he wasn’t a serial husband with a violent streak, like novelist-turned-New Journalist Norman Mailer.
Instead, he cultivated an image as an eccentric, well-mannered Southerner who (never mind the Yale PhD and flamboyant white suits) gaped in wonder at the sheer spectacle of America in the 1960s and beyond. He resisted any attempts to be portrayed, as the title of his second novel put it, as “a man in full”.
The biggest question surrounding Wolfe’s methods was the simplest: how did he manage to win the trust of such disparate groups as Southern moonshiners, car fanatics, socialites, hippies and astronauts?
By his account, it was simply by hanging out, watching and listening – in other words, being a reporter. Custom-car designer George Barris said Wolfe was around so much that he “even came to the house and cooked dinner with my wife”.
He entered the world of stock-car driver Junior Johnson – the title figure of a 20,000-word Esquire article, “The Last American Hero” – so completely that he described the chickens walking across Johnson’s yard in Ingle Hollow, North Carolina.
At the Park Avenue apartment of conductor Leonard Bernstein, Wolfe captured the awkward social dance between uptown liberals and street-toughened Black Panther militants in the enduring phrase “radical chic”.
In 1966, Wolfe climbed aboard a bus with an LSD-dropping coterie of hippies led by Ken Kesey, author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The Merry Pranksters, as they called themselves, traipsed around America in search of enlightenment but often stumbled into misfortune and unintended humour.
In The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Wolfe described a surreal scene as a police officer pulled the bus over while a forest fire was in full blaze.
“By this time,” Wolfe wrote, “everybody is off the bus rolling in the brown grass by the shoulder, laughing, giggling, yahooing, zonked to the skies on acid, because, mon, the woods are burning, the whole world is on fire ... And the cop, all he can see is a bunch of crazies in screaming orange and green costumes, masks, boys and girls, men and women, twelve or fourteen of them, lying in the grass and making hideously crazy sounds ... So he wheels around and says, ‘What are you, uh – show people?’ ”
Wolfe was praised by novelist Kurt Vonnegut – “a genius who will do anything to get attention” – and poet Karl Shapiro, who exclaimed in a Washington Post review that the author “is more than brilliant ... he is more than urbane, suave, trenchant ... Tom Wolfe is a goddam joy.”
Wolfe spent much of the 1970s working on The Right Stuff, a gripping chronicle of inner world of test pilots and more rarefied group that grew out of them – the country’s first astronauts. He scaled back his customary satire and mockery, adopting a relatively sober style befitting his larger subject: what it takes to be a hero.
“This quality, this it, was never named, however, nor was it talked about in any way,” he wrote. “The idea was to prove at every foot of the way up that pyramid that you were one of the elected and anointed ones who had the right stuff and could move higher and higher and even – ultimately, God willing, one day – that you might be able to join that special few at the very top, that elite who had the capacity to bring tears to men’s eyes, the very Brotherood of the Right Stuff itself.”
The book won the American Book Award, became a bestseller and was made into a 1983 film with Sam Shepard and Ed Harris.
“Never mind journalism, new or old,” author Michael Lewis wrote in Vanity Fair in 2015.“The Right Stuff, in my view, is a great work of American literature.”
Thomas Kennerly Wolfe Jr was born in 1930 in Richmond, Virginia. His father was an agronomist and edited the Southern Planter, a magazine for farmers. His mother was a homemaker with varied artistic interests.
At Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, from which he graduated in 1951, Wolfe wrote for school publications. He also pitched for the baseball team and once had a tryout with the New York Giants.
In graduate school at Yale University, his dissertation about Communist influences on American writers was initially rejected in part because of its attention-getting style. He rewrote it in dry academic prose – including a reference to “an American writer E Hemingway” – and received a doctorate in American studies in 1957.
Rejecting academia, Wolfe toyed with the idea of becoming a cartoonist before becoming a newspaper reporter, first in Springfield, Massachusetts, and from 1959 to 1962 at the Post.
At the Post, he had no interest in the high-profile national desk, preferring to cover quirky local stories with a hint of the insouciant style about to come. He then joined the Herald Tribune, a struggling paper with a tradition of stylish writing. The editor of the paper’s Sunday magazine, Clay Felker, encouraged Wolfe to pursue the stories – and the style – that he wanted.
Determined to stand out in other ways, the trim, 6ft-tall Wolfe became a conspicuous dandy, wearing custom-made suits, often in white or pastel colours.
“I just want to make sure,” he later said, “that when I walk into a room, everybody there turns around and says, ‘Who in the name of god is that?’”
A four-month newspaper strike allowed Wolfe time to write his first pieces for Esquire. When the strike was settled in May 1963, Wolfe flourished, writing freewheeling stories for his newspaper and travelling on weekends for Esquire. After the Herald Tribune folded in 1967, Felker launched New York magazine, which became a showcase for Wolfe.
His style was so overwhelming that it masked what wasn’t there: throughout the turbulent 1960s and 1970s, he avoided writing about the war in Vietnam, civil rights, the women’s movement, foreign policy or politics. He seldom wrote about celebrities.
“I was afraid that readers would like the pieces for their subjects,” he said in 1979, “not for my writing.”
Above all, Wolfe never wrote about himself. When he married for the first and only time at 48, it took many by surprise, if only because he was so guarded about his personal life.
Survivors include his wife, Sheila Berger, a former art director of Harper’s magazine, of New York; two children, journalist Alexandra Wolfe of New York and furniture designer Tommy Wolfe of Brooklyn.
For years, Wolfe disparaged the modern novel as a lifeless relic that could be revived only with a muscular framework of reporting and social realism. Deciding to do the job himself, he published The Bonfire of the Vanities in Rolling Stone magazine, then, after considerable revision, in book form in 1987.
The novel describes the comeuppance of a wealthy bond trader and self-crowned “master of the universe” – another term coined by Wolfe – amid the racial and cultural turmoil of New York. Bonfire sold millions of copies and was made into a 1990 film with Tom Hanks, Melanie Griffith and Bruce Willis.
In many ways Bonfire was his last literary triumph. His books on art and architecture, including From Bauhaus to Our House (1981), received biting reviews, including this one from Michael Sorkin in The Nation: “What Tom Wolfe doesn’t know about modern architecture could fill a book. And so indeed it has.”
Wolfe received America’s National Humanities Medal from President George W Bush in 2001 and sold his archives to the New York Public Library in 2013 for $2m.
His later novels – A Man in Full (1998), I Am Charlotte Simmons (2004) and Back to Blood (2012) – received tepid reviews. He feuded with novelists John Updike and John Irving over dismissive comments they made about his fiction. He continued to publish nonfiction books well into his eighties, with critics noting that he often skewered the absurdities of the left but never the buffoonery of the right.
What he didn’t lack was confidence in the power of his prose.
“I regard myself in the first flight of writers, but I don’t dwell on this,” Wolfe said in 1981. “If anything, I think I tend to be a little modest.”
Tom Wolfe, journalist and author, born 2 March 1930, died 14 May 2018
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