London (AFP) - Roman Abramovich rose from a penniless background in Russia's frozen north to become a multi-billionaire and a celebrity football tycoon who transformed the fortunes of one of England's most famous clubs.
But his empire was left teetering after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which raised questions about his closeness to the Kremlin, as harsh sanctions began to be slapped on supporters of Vladimir Putin.
As speculation swirled that he also could be targeted, he said on Wednesday he was selling Premier League side Chelsea "in the best interest of the club, the fans, the employees, as well as the club's sponsors and partners".
Abramovich, 55, was one of the businessmen working in the shadows following Russia's collapse in the 1990s, seizing control of lucrative assets once held by the Soviet state, at bargain prices.
In Abramovich's case, a controlling investment in the oil company Sibneft provided the vehicle for his rise.
He had made money early on with a firm making rubber toys, after growing up an orphan from a Jewish family in the harsh far north.
He is today worth $12.4 billion, according to the latest data from Forbes magazine, and as well as turning Chelsea into a European powerhouse has stakes in steel giant Evraz and Norilsk Nickel.
His property holdings include a 15-bedroom mansion in London's exclusive Kensington area, and he also owns one of the world's largest yachts, the 533-foot (162-metre) Eclipse.
A newer vessel in Abramovich's luxury fleet, the Solaris, is a little smaller.Both yachts reportedly come equipped with their own anti-missile defences.
In September 2005, he received a gargantuan cash boost with the $13 billion sale of Sibneft to state-owned gas behemoth Gazprom, enabling Putin to regain control of strategic assets.
'Key enabler'
Unlike other oligarchs who tried to take on Putin's Kremlin, such as his old business partner Boris Berezovsky, Abramovich has kept a low political profile.
His loyalty to Putin was rewarded with the governorship of the vast, far-eastern Chukotka region, analysts say.
After Berezovsky fell out of favour with the Putin regime, Abramovich took over his stake in the country's largest television network in 2001.
Berezovsky died in unexplained circumstances near London in 2013.
Last year, Abramovich accepted an apology and rewrites after suing the British author and publisher of a book about the rise of Putin's inner circle.
The libel action against Catherine Belton and HarperCollins prompted rights groups including Reporters Without Borders to criticise the use of lawsuits in Britain to silence critical reporting.
The bestselling book "Putin's People" included claims by former Putin associate Sergei Pugachev that Abramovich had bought Chelsea in 2003 on the president's orders, in a bid to increase Russian influence.
Unswayed by the litigation, British Liberal Democrat MP Layla Moran used parliamentary privilege last week to name Abramovich as one of 35 "key enablers" to Putin who should be sanctioned personally by the UK.
His daughter Sofia last weekend distanced herself from Russia's actions, writing on Instagram that "the biggest and most successful lie of Kremlin's propaganda is that most Russians stand with Putin".
She shared a meme containing the sentence "Russia wants a war with Ukraine", with "Russia" crossed out and replaced with "Putin".
'One last time'
Abramovich himself also sought to put clear water between himself and the Kremlin, announcing that profits from the sale of Chelsea will go to "victims of the war in Ukraine".
The asking price is believed to be about £3 billion.
The tycoon's British investor visa expired in 2018, in the fraught aftermath of a nerve-agent attack in the city of Salisbury that was blamed on Russian agents.
He obtained an Israeli passport, allowing him to travel freely to Britain, although his visits to watch Chelsea games in London have dwindled in recent years.
"I hope that I will be able to visit Stamford Bridge one last time to say goodbye...in person," he wrote in Wednesday's announcement.
In a rare media interview, with the Observer newspaper in December 2006, Abramovich disagreed that money could buy happiness, saying instead it could buy "some independence".
He mused: "There is a Russian proverb: you never say that you'll never be in jail or never be poor."
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