Julie Williams lost her job in January just as supply shortages hit West Australian supermarkets and fuel prices started climbing to record highs.
Like many Australians, she struggled to keep her head above water as the cost of living soared.
"Buying what I normally would is not as accessible. The [price of] food has gone up astronomically," she said.
Ms Williams cares for her 78-year-old mother and recently had her daughter's young family temporarily move in with her.
But it became more difficult to make ends meet as the cost of groceries and petrol skyrocketed.
"When the fuel flew up to $2.40, I couldn't go and see [my mother] as often. And she's got issues that I deal with and I care for her," she said.
Ms Williams lost her job as a receptionist in January when her casual position was replaced with a full-time one she could not commit to.
"When I lost my job, I was pretty much a mess. I didn't know what I was going to do," she said.
"I collect bottles. Can you see? If I get thirty or forty dollars out of it, it's more than what I had before."
Ms Williams started a new job this week, but in the three months that she was unemployed, she had to rely on donations from Crossways, a community centre providing emergency food relief in Perth's south-east.
Darlene Barron sorts the groceries that are donated to the foodbank before they are distributed to about 50 to 60 families in the local community each week.
"There's definitely been an increase in new clients coming in that haven't previously needed help," she said.
The centre also has a community kitchen which allows customers to choose how much they pay for a meal.
Some who are struggling financially come in daily for food, while others visit regularly for the company.
Melissa McGarry, who runs the kitchen, said she has formed friendships with many of her customers.
"Some of them come in every single day for socialisation and to have their veggies," she said.
"A lot of them don't have families anymore, they're all single or they're older."
Financial counsellors warn of debt spiral
Ms Williams has previously opted for 'buy-now, pay-later' (BNPL) schemes to pay for basic household items.
"I didn't have any pots and pans. I had one small one, and it just wasn't working," she said.
She quickly realised she was not able to make repayments and avoid extra fees, prompting her to stop using the service.
But with the cost of living on the rise, St Vincent de Paul Society's financial counselling services manager Suzanne Long said an increasing number of West Australian were resorting to BNPL schemes just to afford the bare essentials.
"Instead of them going hungry, they'll use these services to get Coles vouchers and Woolies vouchers to buy food," she said.
Ms Long said the number of people in need of financial assistance was growing, and some were amassing large amounts of debt by using alternative financial services.
"We've had a number of people call in, especially on casual wages, who unfortunately either have to isolate or have COVID.
"They don't have income coming in for at least a week.
"We've often had clients present with eight to 10 accounts going at the one time.
"The most vulnerable in our communities are just heading into this debt spiral of BNPL products."
The Financial Counselling Association's most recent annual survey showed a sharp increase in the number of people with BNPL debt.
In December 2021, almost half the financial counsellors surveyed said a majority of their clients had BNPL debt.
Such schemes do not fall under the same regulations as credit cards, despite having a similar function.
This means there is no requirement to check that people who sign up can afford repayments.
Marketing targets financially vulnerable
The increased reliance on BNPL schemes is being driven by downward pressures on household incomes, according to Associate Professor Billy Sung, who researches consumer behaviour at Curtin University.
"A lot of people are actually turning to these BNPL schemes for financial flexibility," he said.
"These BNPL schemes are pretty much a click away, or a few buttons away, on an app."
Dr Sung said the marketing of some of these financial products specifically targeted vulnerable people and has called for the industry to be regulated.
"They're actually saying their product is free of interest. A lot of consumers see this as a free pass to access one thousand or two thousand dollars of cash without paying any fees," he said.
"There must be some sort of best practices in advertising and marketing BNPL schemes -- the fees that are involved, the late penalty fees -- and also educating consumers that BNPL schemes are very similar in comparison to loans or credit cards."
