A national incident has been declared after polio has spread in Britain for the first time in decades.
The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has detected the poliovirus in London sewage works multiple times recently.
As a result, the agency has called on families to ensure that their children have been fully vaccinated, the Mirror reports.
Oral vaccines against polio offered abroad contain a form of the virus meaning it has been weakened in a lab so it can't cause disease.
This form of the virus remains in faeces and is therefore sometimes picked up in routine sewage testing done in Glasgow and London.
However, the polio injections which are offered in the UK are different from this and contain an entirely inactivated form of the virus.
Therefore it is believed someone from Afghanistan, Pakistan or Nigeria who received the oral vaccine has had this happen to them.
As a result of the weakened form of the virus, it is thought was then passed onto others within Britain while continuing to mutate.
There are now concerns it may have mutated to the to the wild type form which was endemic in Europe from Victorian times.
The UKHSA has declared a national incident and alerted the WHO, which could strip Britain of its current polio-free status.
Dr Vanessa Saliba, consultant epidemiologist at UKHSA, said: “Vaccine-derived poliovirus is rare and the risk to the public overall is extremely low.
“Vaccine-derived poliovirus has the potential to spread, particularly in communities where vaccine uptake is lower.
“On rare occasions it can cause paralysis in people who are not fully vaccinated so if you or your child are not up to date with your polio vaccinations it’s important you contact your GP to catch up or if unsure check your red book.
“Most of the UK population will be protected from vaccination in childhood but in some communities with low vaccine coverage, individuals may remain at risk.
“We are urgently investigating to better understand the extent of this transmission and the NHS has been asked to swiftly report any suspected cases to the UKHSA though no cases have been reported or confirmed so far.”
The poliovirus enters the body through the nose or mouth and may go on to invade the central nervous system.
It then damages or even destroys the nerve cells that control muscles.
It results in weakness and loss of use of limbs. In one in 200 cases it causes irreversible paralysis.
Up to 10% of those paralysed die when their breathing muscles stop working.
In the early 20th century patients were forced to live using an “iron lung” machine that would breathe for them.
There is no cure for polio once a person becomes infected and it can only be prevented by vaccination.
The last outbreak in the UK was in the late 1970s and the last case of naturally-occurring polio was detected in 1984.
The NHS offers three doses of its polio injection to infants with top up jabs at age three and 14.
Uptake has dropped in recent years and is lower in London.
People who have had three doses of this injection are likely to be at least 99% protected from paralysis.
However even those fully vaccinated can get the virus and spread it without experiencing symptoms.
Sewage samples are taken from the London Beckton Sewage Works which cover four million people in the capital.
Waste water surveillance is now being expanded.
Doctors have been instructed to consider polio if patients present with symptoms of paralysis.
Jane Clegg, chief nurse for the NHS in London said: “The majority of Londoners are fully protected against polio and won’t need to take any further action, but the NHS will begin reaching out to parents of children aged under five in London who are not up-to-date with their vaccinations to invite them to get protected.
“Meanwhile parents can also check their child’s vaccination status in their Red Book and people should contact their GP Practice to book a vaccination should they or their child not be fully up-to-date.”
Polio is now mainly only found in two countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
The attenuated oral vaccine is known to be able to trigger an infection which then sees the virus mutate and spread, but only in one in a million cases.
In countries where everyone has received the oral form they are better protected from outbreaks developing as a result of the vaccine virus.
The Great British Bake Off’s Mary Berry contracted polio at the age of 13 and had to spend three months in hospital.
This resulted in her having a twisted spine, a weaker left hand and thinner left arm.
Other well known names affected as children include US actors Mia Farrow and Donald Sutherland, and singer Joni Mitchell.
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