Papua New Guinea is home to more than 850 native languages that are said to be dying with each generation. But two university students are working to change that.
Emily Papa and Lisamarie Wia, both in their final year of study at the University of PNG, started creating TikTok videos to teach people about their language of Engan, after they were inspired by another user on the platform.
"We came across this young Chinese lady who was giving out tutorials in her Chinese language and we were motivated because we like speaking Engan, our language," Ms Wia said.
Engan is the language of Enga province in PNG's northern highlands and has five districts and dialects.
Unlike some of the country's endangered languages, Engan is still widely used as it is the only native language of the province.
"Basically, we started with greetings, common things like 'good morning' and 'good afternoon'," Ms Papa said.
"Then we moved to pronouns ... and from there we want to build up."
Since the pair started making the videos earlier this year, their language lessons have received plenty of views — and praise — from around the world, with one video racking up 84,000 views alone.
"We've received some messages from England, from somewhere in US too, some in New Zealand, but mostly [from] Pacific island countries," Ms Papa said.
"We didn't expect this … so we're really happy.
"This is something new, so we're proud of that."
So, why are PNG's languages dying out?
The introduction of the colonial-era language of Tok Pisin and English to PNG and increased migration from regional villages to the cities are believed to be behind the decline in native languages.
The uptake of social media — where most Papua New Guineans communicate in English and Tok Pisin — is also said to be part of the problem, but Ms Papa and Ms Wia are proving the online platforms can be a force for good.
Now the students want to encourage people in other Pacific nations to do the same.
"So why not share our culture, share our language, showcase our pride in who we are and show the world what we have here?"
Keeping culture alive
Melbourne-based mother of three, Albertha Sukaliana, is worried her young sons might lose their language of Halia, after moving to Australia from PNG's autonomous region of Bougainville.
"I'm trying my best to keep our language going by teaching them," she said.
While Ms Sukaliana's family love sharing their culture through traditional dance at events in Victoria, she said the TikTok tutorials helped bring language back into the lives of young people.
"That's the way to teach our younger generation and to keep our culture alive as well [as] our language," she said.
Ms Sukaliana said after watching the Engan language tutorials on TikTok she wanted to encourage her teenage sons to consider creating their own videos in their region's language.
Social media bridging resource gap
Australian National University linguistics expert Danielle Barth said the TikTok initiative was a positive use of social media.
"TikTok is a great way to do it because people engage with it."
Dr Barth said using platforms such as TikTok helped to bridge the gap for those who wished to learn, but did not have access to learning materials.
"Especially for languages where we don't have heaps of resources or textbooks," she said.
Dr Barth has been working with the Matukar people in Madang province in northern PNG, to document their language in videos and dictionaries, as part of a long-term project to preserve the language.
She hoped to see villages teach their local language in school but said "that's a big ask to pull off".
PNG lawyer and writer Dale Digori noted the risk of languages dying out in a 2015 article and suggested children should complete their first school years in their own local languages.
"We need to change our mindsets with regard to educational policies and reintroduce the old system by which children use their Indigenous languages in the first few years of their basic education," Mr Digori wrote at the time.
"We also need to establish effective organisations which work towards conserving and promoting our languages and our rich cultural diversity."
