When Matt Dutkiewicz was hospitalised after fighting the deadly 2003 Canberra bushfires at Uriarra Crossing, he thought his brother had died trying to save the family home in Duffy.
Leading a makeshift crew of firefighters when the blazes reached Canberra, Mr Dutkiewicz was stuck battling the fires on the far western edge of the city while his brother Jamie was left to save the family home alone.
"I had started to get calls from my brother to say he really needed help, so I was there trying to save my life, save the life of the crew, and try to work out what we were doing in this almighty fire ... and then I eventually lost contact with Jamie," he said.
Now, as Matt Dutkiewicz reflects on his experience of the fires almost 20 years on, the ACT government - grappling with an unfolding housing crisis in Canberra - is considering further expansion of the same western edge he saw burn in 2003.
In June, ACT Minister for Planning and Land Management Mick Gentleman announced an investigation into the western edge as a potential option to tackle the lack of housing availability and affordability in the city.
At the time of the announcement, Canberra's median house prices were the second most expensive of all Australian capitals, measuring at $1,154,535 for houses and $599,735 for units, data from Domain showed.
More recent data revealed while Canberra's vacancy rate for homes hit a 21-month high in September, it was still only 1.1 per cent, remaining a landlord's market with the highest median weekly rental prices in the country.
Canberra's first sample of data from the 2021 census made the housing situation somewhat clearer when it revealed the population had reached a high of over 454,000 people, which ACT Chief Minister Andrew Barr said was around 21,000 more than estimations had anticipated.
While Mr Gentleman was unable to comment on the investigation, ACT chief planner Ben Ponton of the Environmental, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate said extensive research would be undertaken before the government commits to anything.
"The western edge investigation area is approximately 9800 hectares which includes land generally bordered by the Murrumbidgee River and existing urban areas of Belconnen, Molonglo Valley, Weston Creek and Kambah," he said.
"We will now be moving into preliminary strategic planning phases, with ongoing environmental surveys expected. This will include identification of bushfire threat and mitigation measures."
The investigation into Canberra's western edge has been under way since 2020, where environmental safety surveys were at the forefront.
The Western Edge Investigation Area Preliminary Bushfire Risk Assessment, produced by the directorate in 2020, suggests the potential expansion area has been identified as bushfire-prone land.
The report reads: "The pattern of bushfire hazard is extensive enough and continuous enough to support larger-sized bushfires, although fire history for the region indicated large landscape bushfires occur at a very low frequency."
For Canberrans like Mr Dutkiewicz who were in the very thick of the 2003 bushfires, the identified severity of the disaster is enough to discourage advocacy for building on the previously burned western edge.
Major General Peter Dunn, who was the commissioner for the ACT Emergency Services Authority set up after the 2003 bushfires as a statutory authority to rebuild Canberra's emergency services, also can't forget the severity of 2003.
Having seen Canberra's bushfires firsthand and analysing the response to them, Mr Dunn said the fire services did everything they could with the unprecedented new conditions they were presented with.
"There were fire scientists at the time, who said, 'This is not right, this does not compute, this represents huge change in what fires will be like from here on out'," he said.
"There were a number of people afterwards suggesting there needed to be a different process to attack these fires because something has happened to the climate, but all the standard operating procedures were being followed at the time, and little more could, and can, be done.
"Nothing would have stopped the fire and, frankly, they said behind closed doors, we were very lucky to get away with what happened ... it could have been much worse."
Since 2018, Mr Dunn has been a member of the Emergency Leaders for Climate Change advocacy group, which calls upon the government to act on emissions, and provide resources to better prepare Australians for extreme disasters.
His advocacy extends to the importance of alerting the community within these "traditional fire path areas" they are putting themselves in danger, as fires of this calibre will happen again.
"The government now has to figure out, do we expand further into the available area to the west and with large-scale fires coming every 25 years or less ... which they already have started to do with suburbs like Wright and Coombs?" he said.
"When you get fire, you get ember attack, which causes most of the destruction to homes even when landscape fires aren't really close to them, and anywhere remotely close to large areas of vegetation is in danger of that.
"We have to be transparent with the people and the community about the risk that comes with living in these areas, because fires will happen there again, and they need to be aware of that ... and they could be just like they were in 2003."
Bushfires have long been a part of Australia's history, and the location of the nation's capital is within areas with a significant past of bushfire events.
But as Canberra grapples with its growing population, there isn't an appropriate alternative area within the capital where expansion could realistically happen except for the western edge, Mr Dunn added.
Master Builders ACT's chief executive officer Michael Hopkins has long been advocating for this expansion on Canberra's western edge, suggesting more housing stock for the growing population was the best way to deal with the current housing problems.
"There is undoubtedly a general under-supply of residential dwellings across the board in Canberra at the moment, and there seems to be a particularly high demand for land for single housing," he said.
"We are hopeful that the western edge area could accommodate some more of that greenfield development and land for single housing."
Mr Hopkins said the expansion would have an impact on easing house prices as it would help accommodate population numbers in Canberra - a problem since the beginning of the pandemic.
"I think one of the main contributors to the rapid increase in land prices we have seen over the last few years is an under-supply, particularly in the ACT," he added.
"One of the biggest contributors to the overall housing affordability issue has been the cost of land ... so adding to supply is one measure the government can use to ease those affordability pressures.
"What is really important is that we provide the housing that our future community needs, whether that be single detached housing, townhouses or apartments."
Despite having the memories of watching the western edge of Canberra burn, Mr Dutkiewicz also could not deny the need for more housing in Canberra to combat the issue facing the territory.
However, this recognition went hand-in-hand with seeing his family home reduced to coals, and hearing the news two of his neighbours in Duffy had died because of the 2003 disaster.
"I think the risk is certainly increased with this expansion, but we definitely need more housing for the population, I can see that," he said.
"With that said, the fires that I saw around the western edge area showed us all that there is really nothing much that can be done in the face of them.
"It has really just come down to saving life at this point and, as I saw, along with everyone else in Canberra in 2003, sometimes it's just not possible in these extreme circumstances."
