Plastic pollution can be removed from lakes by naturally-occurring bacteria, new research reveals.
A study of 29 European lakes carried out by Cambridge University scientists found that some bacteria grow faster and more efficiently on the remains of plastic bags than on natural matter such as leaves and twigs.
The research team explained that bacteria break down the carbon compounds in plastic to use as food for their growth.
They say that enriching waters with particular species of bacteria could be a “natural” way to remove plastic pollution from the environment.
The effect is pronounced as the rate of bacterial growth more than doubled when plastic pollution raised the overall carbon level in lake water by just four percent.
The results, published in the journal Nature Communications, suggest that the plastic pollution in lakes is ‘priming’ the bacteria for rapid growth – the bacteria are not only breaking down the plastic but are then more able to break down other natural carbon compounds in the lake.
Lake bacteria were found to favor plastic-derived carbon compounds over natural ones.
The research team believe that is because the carbon compounds from plastics are easier for the bacteria to break down and use as food.
The scientists caution that it does not condone ongoing plastic pollution. Some of the compounds within plastics can have toxic effects on the environment, particularly at high concentrations.
Study senior author Dr. Andrew Tanentzap of Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences said: “It’s almost like the plastic pollution is getting the bacteria’s appetite going.
“The bacteria use the plastic as food first, because it’s easy to break down, and then they’re more able to break down some of the more difficult food – the natural organic matter in the lake.”
He added: “This suggests that plastic pollution is stimulating the whole food web in lakes, because more bacteria means more food for the bigger organisms like ducks and fish.”
The effect varied depending on the diversity of bacterial species present in the lake water – lakes with more different species were better at breaking down plastic pollution.
Research published by the same team last year found that European lakes are potential ‘hotspots’ of microplastic pollution.
When plastics break down they release simple carbon compounds.
The researchers found that these are chemically distinct to the carbon compounds released as organic matter like leaves and twigs break down.
The carbon compounds from plastics were shown to be derived from additives unique to plastic products, including adhesives and softeners.
The new study also found that bacteria removed more plastic pollution in lakes that had fewer unique natural carbon compounds. This is because the bacteria in the lake water had fewer other food sources.
The results will help to prioritize lakes where pollution control is most urgent. If a lake has a lot of plastic pollution, but low bacterial diversity and a lot of different natural organic compounds, then its ecosystem will be more vulnerable to damage.
Professor David Aldridge of Cambridge’s Department of Zoology, who was also involved in the study, said: “Unfortunately, plastics will pollute our environment for decades.
“On the positive side, our study helps to identify microbes that could be harnessed to help break down plastic waste and better manage environmental pollution.”
The study involved sampling 29 lakes across Scandinavia between August and September 2019. To assess a range of conditions, these lakes differed in latitude, depth, area, average surface temperature and diversity of dissolved carbon-based molecules.
The scientists cut up plastic bags from four major U.K. shopping chains, and shook these in water until their carbon compounds were released.
At each lake, glass bottles were filled with lake water. A small amount of the ‘plastic water’ was added to half of these, to represent the amount of carbon leached from plastics into the environment, and the same amount of distilled water was added to the others. After 72 hours in the dark, bacterial activity was measured in each of the bottles.
The study measured bacterial growth – by increase in mass, and the efficiency of bacterial growth – by the amount of carbon-dioxide released in the process of growing.
In the water with plastic-derived carbon compounds, the bacteria had doubled in mass very efficiently. Around 50 percent of this carbon was incorporated into the bacteria in 72 hours.
Co-author Eleanor Sheridan, who undertook the work as part of a final-year undergraduate project, said: “Our study shows that when carrier bags enter lakes and rivers they can have dramatic and unexpected impacts on the entire ecosystem.”
She added: “Hopefully our results will encourage people to be even more careful about how they dispose of plastic waste.”
Produced in association with SWNS.
