On my way to the Scottish Highlands for the first time, I was mesmerised by the beauty of the landscapes and struck by its resemblance to the North American wilderness, albeit without the wildlife.
I felt sad to think that the only howl I was going to hear was that of the wind – like a lament for Scotland’s lost predators: the wolf, the lynx and the bear. Little did I know at the time that one of the places I passed through was called Rannoch Moor which, according to Scottish nature writer Jim Crumley, is an ideal place to reintroduce wolves to Scotland.
Scotland is one of the most wildlife-depleted countries in the world. Yet, no reintroduction is on the cards.
According to one study, big predators are necessary to maintain healthy ecosystems. For instance, wolves and their co-predators could help solve Scotland’s biodiversity crisis and bring balance back to Scottish ecosystems by regulating populations of deer, foxes and badgers. In doing so, big predators may also contribute to the fight against climate change by enhancing carbon storage capacities. Overpopulation of herbivores can deplete plant species and trees which capture carbon dioxide emissions responsible for global warming.
But prejudice against large predators still runs deep, especially among farmers regardless of any tangible benefits that predators could bestow even on farmers themselves. The recent downgrading of the legal protection afforded to the wolf in continental Europe is a case in point.
For most farmers, livestock being killed by predators is their biggest worry and one that means they oppose such a move. But success stories from India and Kenya suggest that coexistence between predators and farmers is feasible.
Shortly after my visit to the Highlands, I travelled to Jawai in Rajasthan, India, and Laikipia in Kenya. In both of these places, farming communities live in relative harmony with a host of predators.
In Rajasthan, farmers share an arid landscape with tigers, leopards, striped hyenas, jackals, sloth bears and the occasional Indian wolf. This is even more impressive because Rajasthan has an average population density which is several times higher than that of Scotland.
In Jawai, leopards prey almost exclusively on cattle in the absence of wild animals which are their usual prey, such as deer. Shepherds never retaliate, and culling of some cattle is generally accepted. Thanks to their tolerance, the increasing leopard population has enabled the emergence of a thriving ecotourism industry.
In Gujarat, the peaceful coexistence between the Maldhari farmers and the last population of Asiatic lions has been described by experts as a win-win situation. While the lions feed on the cattle, they mostly target unproductive cattle – there’s a cost for farmers to maintain unproductive cattle so there’s no huge financial loss when those are the ones that get killed by lions.
In areas where lions live, the Maldhari farmers also gain additional profits through free grazing rights and access to forests for wood supplies and other plants resources. Compensation schemes for losses of heads of cattle, and predator deterrent strategies create further acceptance of big predators. Ensuring that a wide range of prey species are available to predators, such as happens in Laikipia, also significantly reduces risks of attacks on cattle.
Big predators are also a draw for tourists. In Kenya, ecotourism alone constitutes approximately 10% of its GDP. The reintroduction of large predators in Scotland could further enhance its potential as an ecotourism destination, offset potential costs due to loss of heads of cattle and even benefit Scottish farmers and rural landowners both from an environmental and economic perspective.
Prejudice against predators
Reintroducing predators in Scotland would be a radical step. But, following centuries of prejudice, a change of mindset towards predators is needed.
In India, respect of all forms of life is enshrined in both culture and the law. It is a constitutional duty for both the state and every Indian citizen to protect wildlife and “have compassion for living creatures”.
In 2019, the high court of Uttarakhand declared the entire animal kingdom as a legal entity with corresponding rights, duties and liabilities. The Supreme Court of India held that environmental justice can only be achieved if human interests do not take automatic precedence and if humans have obligations to non-humans independently of human interest.
The recent diplomatic row between Germany and Botswana (a disagreement over the import of elephant trophies from Botswana deemed unsustainable by Germany) shows that the west remains prone to patronising other countries over conservation of big mammals. The UK and other European countries could learn from the wildlife conservation ethics of cultures further afield.
Scotland is the most sparsely populated country in the UK. With vast areas of wilderness, it has enough space to accommodate both big predators and farmers for the benefit of all and become the Yellowstone of Europe.
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I previously received in my position of project manager and senior research fellow at the Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law funding from the German Federal Foreign Office for projects implemented in Mali between 2017 to 2023. I was never the direct recipient of the funding, my organisation was. The Universities I am affiliated with would indirectly benefit from the article from an academic and visibility point of view, not financially.
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