There are currently three times more cases of scarlet fever than usual, a senior health official has said.
As well as being a bacterial infection, scarlet fever is one of the common symptoms of Strep A.
The latest figures show that at least 19 children have now died across the UK from invasive Strep A disease.
Professor Susan Hopkins, chief medical adviser at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), said the vast majority of children affected have a mild illness and that an “open mind” is being kept as to why there is a spike in infections.
Speaking on BBC Radio 4’s Today programme, she said: “The latest with scarlet fever and Strep A infections are that we’ve seen about just over 7,500 notifications of scarlet fever, and that’s probably an underestimate.
“We have a lot of reports coming in in the last few days so we expect it to be even higher.
“That’s about three times higher than the same time in a normal season. The last bad season we had in 2017 and 18.
Most strep A infections are mild and easily treated, but some are more serious.
— UK Health Security Agency (@UKHSA) December 12, 2022
Visit the NHS website to learn more about symptoms to look out for, when to seek medical help and what to do in an emergency. ➡️ https://t.co/2TUbmO8nFb#StrepA #GroupAStrep pic.twitter.com/To5B9YzseA
“And in invasive Group A Strep cases, we are more than halfway through what we’d normally see in an average season.
“We’ve seen 111 cases in children aged one to four and 74 cases in children aged five to nine.”
Invasive group A strep (iGAS) is the most severe and unusual form of infection.
She said those numbers at the severe end are small, adding: “The vast majority of children have a self-limiting or mild illness and are being managed very well.”
Meanwhile, Prof Hopkins said analysis shows that areas of the country where children had the flu nasal spray vaccine has had lower Group A strep infections compared with areas of the country that had not yet started to roll out the vaccine.
She said flu infections and other viral infections have a greater propensity to have a secondary bacterial infection on top, adding that children who normally catch influenza are at greater risk of other subsequent infections, including Group A streptococcus.
“And therefore what we’ve done here is an analysis of looking at the rollout of the nasal spray flu vaccine, which is the vaccine that’s given to children from the age of two, and what we can see here is in areas of the country where we gave the vaccine there were lower Group A strep infections compared to areas of the country that had not yet started to roll out the vaccine,” she said.
All children aged two and three are eligible for a flu nasal spray vaccine, which is being offered by GPs.
Flu is currently circulating widely, so if you or your children are eligible for a free flu vaccine, it’s important to get vaccinated to help avoid from getting seriously unwell.
— UK Health Security Agency (@UKHSA) December 16, 2022
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But only 37.4 per cent of two-year-olds have received the vaccine so far, along with 39.5% of three-year-olds – well below the take-up reached at this point in previous winters, the latest data shows.
Prof Hopkins said children younger than school age can get the vaccine from their GP, while children in school can get the vaccine through the school vaccination service.
“If you’ve yet to sign that consent form for the school vaccine, then please do, and if your child is preschool, please make an appointment for your GP,” she said.
Prog Hopkins was asked if it is yet known why there has been a spike in infections of scarlet fever and Strep A and whether it is due to children’s immunity levels being weakened after socialising less during the pandemic.
“We would not say we’re convinced of anything yet. I think we’re seeing this season much, much earlier,” she said.
“We’ve got a lot of children who have not had this infection over the last three years, so there’s more susceptible children who have not started to develop their immunity to this infection, which we get repeated times over the course of our lives.
Strep A: Analysis by UKHSA suggests a nasal spray vaccine that offers protection to children against flu may also help reduce the rate of group A strep infections.
— UK Health Security Agency (@UKHSA) December 16, 2022
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“Of course, we’re always looking for other reasons. Has the bacteria changed? Is there any other changes in that might have occurred that are causing this? So while we think at the moment, the most likely explanations from everything we’ve looked at, is the fact that this relates to lack of exposure for a period of time, we will keep an open mind and look elsewhere.”
It is understood that health officials do not believe the number of scarlet fever infections has yet peaked, suggesting more deaths are likely.
Strep A infections such as scarlet fever and impetigo are treated with antibiotics, with penicillin among the most commonly used.
Meanwhile, the Government said five new serious shortage protocols (SSPs) have been issued, having introduced SSPs for three penicillin medicines earlier this week.
SSPs give pharmacists the flexibility to supply an alternative antibiotic or formulation of penicillin.
Demand for penicillin has risen recently as it is used to treat Strep A and scarlet fever, and the increased demand means some pharmacists are experiencing temporary and localised supply issues and may not have the specific formulation listed on the prescription.
Scarlet fever symptoms are often flu-like, including a high temperature, a sore throat and swollen neck glands.
A rash appears 12 to 48 hours later, starting on the chest and stomach and then spreading.
A white coating also appears on the tongue which peels, leaving the tongue red, swollen and covered in little bumps (often called “strawberry tongue”).
