Name: Oracle Bones
What it is: Tortoise shells or the shoulder blades of oxen that were inscribed with ancient Chinese characters
Where it is from: China
When it was made: 3,250 years ago
What it tells us about the past:
There is no one "oracle bone" — about 13,000 have been found — but these relics hint at the development of writing in ancient China.
They date from the late Shang Dynasty, (circa 1250 B.C. to circa 1050 B.C.), although the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty ruled most of northern China from about 1600 B.C. — the earliest traditional Chinese dynasty for which there is archaeological evidence.
According to Chinese scholars, oracle bone artifacts were often dug up by later farmers in the former Shang territories, and many were exhumed during burial ceremonies in the former Shang capital of Anyang, in China’s Henan province.
In the 19th century, villagers near Anyang unearthed oracle bones they thought were "dragon bones" and large numbers were ground-up for traditional medicine until they became valuable to antique dealers.
Oracle bones were often made from tortoise shells, as in this photograph, and from the shoulder blades of oxen. According to archaeologists, a fortune teller would carve a question into the bone with a sharp implement, and then heat it until it cracked; they then claimed to interpret the cracks.
The bones and shells were reused until there was no more space, and so more than 100,000 inscriptions are known.
The surviving oracle bones are the earliest existing form of Chinese writing. Many of the roughly 5,000 characters in the "oracle bone script" are still used in modern Chinese (some versions of Chinese recognize tens of thousands of written characters) although some characters are still not well understood. They were also used in divinations for the Shang royal household, and scholars have used them to chart the Shang royal genealogy.
Oracle bones predating the Shang Dynasty have also been found, and in 2003, some archaeologists said they'd found "Neolithic oracle bones" from up to 8,600 years ago.
Early reports claimed that some of their characters were the same as Shang characters. But other experts doubted the claims, noting it was unlikely that any Shang characters were used more than 5,000 years earlier than thought.
