WASHINGTON: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (Nasa) massive new rocket was beginning its first journey to a launchpad on Thursday ahead of a battery of tests that will clear it to blast off to the Moon in mid-year.
It was to begin its glacially slow journey from the Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building at 5pm Eastern Time (4am Friday in Thailand) for an 11-hour crawl on a transporter to the hallowed Launch Complex 39B, 6.5 kilometres away.
Here's what you need to know.
- Huge rocket, huge cost -
With the Orion crew capsule fixed on top, the Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1 stands 322 feet (98 metres) high -- taller than the Statue of Liberty, but a little smaller than the 363 feet Saturn V rockets that powered the Apollo missions to the Moon.
Despite this, it will produce 8.8 million pounds of maximum thrust (39.1 Meganewtonnes), 15% more than the Saturn V, meaning it is expected to be the world's most powerful rocket at the time it begins operating.
"This is a flagship rocket you're about to see, it's a symbol of our country," Tom Whitmeyer, associate administrator for exploration systems development, told reporters on a call this week.
A symbol that comes at an estimated price tag of US$4.1 billion per launch for the first four Artemis missions, Nasa Inspector General Paul Martin told Congress this month.
Once it reaches the iconic launch pad, where 53 Space Shuttles took off, engineers have roughly two more weeks worth of checks before what's known as the "wet dress rehearsal," the final prelaunch test.
On the morning of April 3, the SLS team will load more than 700,000 gallons (3.2 million litres) of cryogenic propellants into the rocket and practice every phase of launch countdown, cutting off the engines less than ten seconds from blast off.
The propellant will then be drained to demonstrate safely standing down a launch attempt.
- To the Moon and beyond -
Nasa is targeting May as the earliest window for Artemis-1, an uncrewed lunar mission that will be the first flight for SLS and Orion.
SLS will first place Orion into a low Earth orbit, then, using its upper stage, perform what's called a trans-lunar injection.
This maneuver is necessary to send Orion 280,000 miles beyond Earth and 40,000 miles beyond the Moon -- further than any spaceship capable of carrying humans has ventured.
On its three-week mission, Orion will deploy 10 shoebox size satellites known as CubeSats to gather information on the deep space environment.
It will journey around the far side of the Moon -- thanks to thrusters provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) service module -- and finally make its way back to Earth, where its heat shield will be tested against the atmosphere.
Splashdown takes place in the Pacific, off the coast of California.
Artemis-2 will be the first crewed test, flying around the Moon but not landing, while Artemis-3, now planned for no earlier than 2025, will see the first woman and first person of color touch down on the lunar south pole.
Nasa wants to use the Moon as a proving ground for testing technologies necessary for a Mars mission, sometime in the 2030s, using a Block 2 evolution of the SLS.
- SLS v Starship -
Nasa calls SLS a "super heavy lift exploration class vehicle." The only currently operational super heavy rocket is SpaceX's Falcon Heavy, which is smaller.
Elon Musk's company is also developing its own deep space rocket, the fully reusable Starship, which he has said should be ready for an orbital test this year.
Starship would be both bigger and more powerful than SLS: 394 feet tall with 17 million pounds of thrust. It could also be considerably cheaper.
The tycoon has suggested that within years, the cost per launch could be as little as $10 million.
Direct comparisons are complicated by the fact that while SLS is designed to fly direct to its destinations, SpaceX foresees putting a Starship into orbit, then refueling it with another Starship so it can continue its journey, to extend range and payload.
Nasa has also contracted a version of Starship as a lunar descent vehicle for Artemis.
