A map of local infections of a medieval sex disease making a return to England reveals that there were 62 diagnosed cases in Bristol in 2022 - a rate of 13.2 per 100,000 people. In North Somerset those figures were five and 2.3 respectively and, in South Gloucestershire, 17 and 5.8.
The medieval disease in question is syphilis - an ancient sexually transmitted disease - and diagnosed cases increased by 15% to nearly 8,700 last year - the largest number since 1948. The UK Health Security Agency says cases have fluctuated over the past 100 years, spiking after two world wars, but then declining in the late 1940s and 1950s due to effective treatment with penicillin, and greater availability of condoms.
It re-emerged in the 1960s but then fell into decline in the 1980s, likely due to behavioural changes brought about by the emergence and the awareness of the HIV virus and Aids. But, since the early 2000s, syphilis and gonorrhoea have re-emerged as major public health concerns.
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A decade ago there were 3,000 cases of syphilis diagnosed in England, just over a third of the amount of last year, while the infection rate has trebled from 5.6 syphilis cases per 100,000 of the population in 2012, to 15.4 last year. Dr Hamish Mohammed, consultant epidemiologist at the UKHSA, said: "Increased testing is likely to have played a part in the rise in gonorrhoea and syphilis diagnoses, but the scale of the increase strongly suggests that there is more transmission of these STIs within the population.
"There is some evidence to suggest that this may be due to more people having condomless sex with new or casual partners.”
UKHSA data shows syphilis disproportionally affects gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM). Seven in 10 cases diagnosed last year (69%) were in GBM.
You can see the number and rate of syphilis infections where you live using the interactive map. Article continues below...
Syphilis is far more common in London than anywhere else in England. The infection rate in the capital is 44.9 infections per 100,000 of the population. That is more than triple the next highest regional rate, in the North East (14.8).
What's more, 16 of the 20 local authority areas with the highest rates of infection are in London. Syphilis is most common in Lambeth (143.3 infections per 100,000 of the population), followed by Southwark (133.2) and Westminster (128.2).
Outside London, the highest rates are in Brighton and Hove (53.9), Salford (45.4), Middlesbrough (44.5) and Manchester (42.9). Research published in 2020 by historians Professor Simon Szreter from the University of Cambridge, and Professor Kevin Siena from Canada’s Trent University, suggests that syphilis infections have been a far greater risk in the capital than around the provinces for at least 250 years.
In the late 18th century, at least one in five Londoners had contracted syphilis, known as “the pox”, by their 35th birthday, their research shows. They also found that Georgian Londoners were over twice as likely to be treated for the disease than people living in the much smaller city of Chester, and 25 times more likely than residents of rural Cheshire and north-east Wales.
First documented cases of syphilis
Syphilis was first documented in Europe 500 years ago during the French invasion of Naples in 1495. Because it was believed to have been spread by invading troops, it was known in some parts of Europe - including the UK - as the “French disease”. Mindful of the stigma, the French, however, called it “the Neapolitan disease”.
It is thought up to five million people died across Europe during that outbreak, which left victims with bursting boils and rotting flesh.
But while one theory is that the disease was brought to Europe by Christopher Columbus’s crew on their return from the New World; scientists have found signs that a subspecies of treponema pallidum - the bacterium that causes syphilis - was present in Europe as far back as the 12th century.
Symptoms of and treatment for syphilis
Today syphilis is perfectly treatable. Symptoms include ulcers and white or grey warty growths on the genitals or bottom, sores in other areas, including the lips, mouth, and hands, a rash, flu-like symptoms, swollen glands, and possibly patchy hair loss on the head, beard, and eyebrows. In extreme cases, it can cause serious and potentially life-threatening complications, if left untreated.
But these are rare. The latest government figures show 30 deaths were caused by syphilis in England between 2013 and 2021.
The UKHSA says condoms are the best form of defence against sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis. It urges anyone having condomless sex with new or casual partners to undergo testing, which is free, and can be accessed at sexual health clinics. To find your nearest sexual health clinic visit here.
