Hair loss and a low sex drive have been added to fatigue and brain fog as symptoms of Long Covid following a major British study involving more than two million people. Researchers discovered that Long Covid sufferers have experienced a much wider set of more than 60 symptoms than previously thought - including sexual dysfunction and alopecia.
Their findings, published in the journal Nature Medicine, showed that patients with a primary care record of infection with the virus that causes Covid-19 reported 62 symptoms much more frequently 12 weeks after initial infection than those who hadn’t contracted the virus. Anonymised electronic health records of 2.4 million people in the UK were analysed by researchers from the University of Birmingham alongside a team of doctors and researchers across England.
The data taken between January 2020 and April 2021 involved more than 480,000 people with prior infection, and 1.9 million people with no indication of coronavirus infection after matching for other clinical diagnoses. Using only non-hospitalised patients, the team of researchers were able to identify three categories of distinct symptoms reported by people with persistent health problems after infection.
Patterns of symptoms tended to be grouped into respiratory symptoms, mental health and cognitive problems, and then a broader range of symptoms. While the most common symptoms include anosmia - loss of sense of smell, shortness of breath, chest pain and fever; others included amnesia, bowel incontinence, erectile dysfunction, hallucinations, limb swelling and apraxia - the iinability to perform familiar movements or commands.
Study senior author Dr Shamil Haroon, Associate Clinical Professor in Public Health at the University of Birmingham, said: “This research validates what patients have been telling clinicians and policy makers throughout the pandemic, that the symptoms of Long Covid are extremely broad and cannot be fully accounted for by other factors such as lifestyle risk factors or chronic health conditions.”
“The symptoms we identified should help clinicians and clinical guideline developers to improve the assessment of patients with long-term effects from Covid-19, and to subsequently consider how this symptom burden can be best managed.”
Patient partner and study co-author Jennifer Camaradou said: “This study is instrumental in creating and adding further value to understanding the complexity and pathology of long Covid. It highlights the degree and diversity of expression of symptoms between different clusters.
"Patients with pre-existing health conditions will also welcome the additional analysis on risk factors.”
As well as identifying a wider set of symptoms, the research team also found key demographic groups and behaviours which put people at increased risk of developing Long Covid. The study suggests that women, younger people; or belonging to a black, mixed or other ethnic group are at greater risk of developing Long Covid.
People from less aflluent socio-economic backgrounds, smokers, people who are overweight or obese, as well as the presence of a wide range of health conditions were also associated with reporting persistent symptoms.
Study lead author Anuradhaa Subramanian, a Research Fellow at the University of Birmingham, said: “Our data analyses of risk factors are of particular interest because it helps us to consider what could potentially be causing or contributing to Long Covid.
"We already know that certain modifiable traits - such as smoking and obesity - put people at increased risk of various diseases and conditions, including Long Covid. However, others such as biological sex and ethnicity also appear to be important.
“Women are for example more likely to experience autoimmune diseases. Seeing the increased likelihood of women having Long Covid in our study increases our interest in investigating whether autoimmunity or other causes may explain the increased risk in women.
"These observations will help to further narrow the focus on factors to investigate that may be causing these persistent symptoms after an infection, and how we can help patients who are experiencing them.”
The study focused on the first phase of the pandemic in the UK between January 2020 and April 2021 and provided the team with an opportunity to compare meaningful numbers of people who had coronavirus infections alongside a control group of uninfected people. The research team involved epidemiologists, clinicians, data scientists, statisticians, and patients to decode electronic health records to accurately capture persistent symptoms experienced after infection.
Dr Haroon added: “The results are both a testament to the opportunities that these public health datasets provide, and to the power of collaborative work to provide much needed evidence around the experiences of many people who have been affected by persistent symptoms after infection with the coronavirus. I hope our research will also further validate the voices of patients and involvement groups and provide an approach to support healthcare responses to new and emerging diseases.”
