Outgoing prime minister Liz Truss, who is resigning after just 45 days in the job, is not the first politician to make an abrupt U-turn – and no doubt she will not be the last.
But it is fair to say that her comically short-lived premiership did not get off to the smoothest of starts and never recovered, beginning with widespread criticism of her chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng’s so-called “mini-Budget” drawing an adverse reaction from global markets and ultimately forcing his removal from the Treasury and replacement with Jeremy Hunt.
Gone after just seven weeks at the helm, we look at some of the abrupt changes that Ms Truss, a former Liberal Democrat, found herself forced to make in high office – and those she made even before she became PM.
Tax cuts for the rich
Ms Truss made her first major U-turn as prime minister after it was announced the government would not press ahead with its plan to abolish the top rate of tax for the rich.
Mr Kwarteng confirmed the about-face on 3 October following a backlash, the threat of a backbench Tory rebellion and a cantankerous opening day at the Conservative Party Conference in Birmingham.
In a statement posted to his Twitter account, Mr Kwarteng said the policy had been axed because it had become a “distraction” to what he said was otherwise a growth plan that would build “a more prosperous economy”.
“It is clear that the abolition of the 45p tax rate has become a distraction from our overriding mission to tackle the challenges facing our country,” Mr Kwarteng said.
“As a result, I’m announcing we are not proceeding with the abolition of the 45p tax rate.”
The U-turn came after senior Tories Michael Gove, the former levelling up secretary, and Grant Shapps, the ex-transport secretary, voiced their opposition.
Medium-term fiscal plan
Another government U-turn came on 10 October when Mr Kwarteng said that he was bringing forward the date he would set out his “medium-term” fiscal plan.
The chancellor had been under pressure to set out his plans more clearly following September's disastrous mini-Budget, which sent the value of the pound plunging and caused chaos in the markets.
Mr Kwarteng also said he would bring forward the publication of the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast from 23 November to 31 October – Halloween – rarely a wise date for politicians to choose on which to make announcements given the open goal it presents to newspaper headline writers.
In a letter to Commons Treasury Committee chair Mel Stride, the chancellor said he hoped “this short extra delay is acceptable”.
That concession actually represented a triple U-turn by Mr Kwarteng, the chancellor having already proposed to change the date of his statement on two other occasions.
Corporation tax reversal
Ms Truss was forced to call Mr Kwarteng back early from a visit with the IMF in Washington, DC, on Friday 14 October in order to sack him, swiftly announcing his replacement with former health minister Jeremy Hunt before taking to the podium at Downing Street to announce a further humiliating U-turn.
Revealing that businesses would now see a rise in corporation tax from 19 per cent to 25 per cent, something she and her erstwhile chancellor had attempted to sacrifice in the interest of pursuing their single-minded fixation with “growth”, Ms Truss admitted that her agenda had spooked investors, saying the plan “went further and faster than markets were expecting”.
The PM insisted she still wanted to deliver a “high growth” economy but rather glumly conceded: “The way we are delivering our mission has to change.”
After taking just four questions from the assembled lobby journalists, most of which concerned her own future, she slunk out.
A noisy Extinction Rebellion protest could be heard from the Westminster streets outside.
Basic rate of tax reversal
Following his appointment as chancellor on ther Friday, Mr Hunt hit the ground running early the following Monday (17 October) when he ditched further tax cuts introduced by his Mr Kwarteng during an emergency statement in which he also dramatically scaled back support for household energy bills from two years to six months.
Mr Hunt said he would be abandoning plans to cut the basic rate of tax by 1p, which had been due to be brought forward to April, and that it would remain at 20p in the pound until the country can afford to reduce it.
The cut in dividend tax promised by Mr Kwarteng will also go, along with VAT-free shopping for overseas tourists, the freeze on alcohol duty and the easing of the IR35 rules for the self-employed.
Mr Hunt said the tax measures alone would bring in £32bn after economists estimated Ms Truss’s government was facing a £60bn black hole in the UK’s public finances.
After almost entirely tearing up Ms Truss’s economic package, the entire selling point of her administration, Mr Hunt also effectively found himself in sole charge of the British government, with the PM too craven to appear before the Commons that afternoon to answer an urgent question posed by Labour, allowing Penny Mordaunt to stand in her stead.
Ms Mordaunt, incidentally, looked far more like a leader as she batted away hostile questions from opposition MPs than Ms Truss ever has.
Triple lock pensions flip-flop
Still at it at the following Wednesday’s Prime Minister’s Questions (19 October) – at which the PM insisted ominously that she is “a fighter, not a quitter” – Ms Truss also said she remained “completely committed” to the triple lock on state pensions just a day after Downing Street triggered a backlash by indicating it could be ditched.
The PM told MPs that she and the chancellor will be increasing pensions in line with inflation, which currently stands at more than 10.1 per cent.
“We’ve been clear in our manifesto that we will maintain the triple lock and I’m completely committed to it – so is the chancellor,” the PM said in response to the fresh wave of anger after No 10 had said the policy was under review and Mr Hunt failed to commit to it given his bid to plug that pesky multibillion-pound black hole.
That day proved to be the beginning of the end in earnest for Ms Truss and was followed later by the resignation of home secretary Suella Braverman and an unedifying melee in the Commons during a fracking vote, prompting her own MPs to call for her head en masse.
‘Handouts’ to address the cost of living
Prior to all of that, during her successful campaign for the Tory leadership, Ms Truss said she would not give people “handouts” to help with soaring energy bills when she entered office.
She said she would try to help families, but focus on tax cuts, telling The Financial Times: ”The way I would do things is in a Conservative way of lowering the tax burden, not giving out handouts."
Critics pointed out that tax cuts would not help those most in need because many on the lowest incomes already pay little tax.
Following this, Ms Mordaunt, a former rival who has since became one of the PM’s most sympathetic supporters, went on television to say her remarks had been “misinterpreted”.
Ms Mordaunt said the would-be leader was making a “general point about the merits of enabling people to keep more of what they earn”.
“She’s not ruled out all future help. In fact, part of her the reason for her putting an emergency budget forward is to really address some of these issues,” she said.
Cutting wages outside of London
That change of approach came just a week after Candidate Truss had been forced into an elaborate U-turn on her plans to cut public sector wages outside of London.
Her campaign team had press-released political journalists to say she would introduce “regional pay boards” to bring down wages of public sector workers outside the capital.
This would save money that could be used to fund tax cuts, she argued. The frontrunner also claimed the wage cuts could be beneficial because the private sector found it hard to compete with public sector wages.
She claimed the figure would save £8.8bn in wages – a figure that could only be attained by cutting wages across the public sector including for nurses and teachers, rather than only civil servants.
Ms Truss went on television herself to say her policy had been “misrepresented” and that it had only intended to apply to civil servants. She said she would not be going ahead with the plan.
Protecting Britain’s steel industry
Such U-turns are not limited to Ms Truss’s leadership campaign: she also has a history of having to reverse on policies in previous roles once the implications become clear.
As international trade secretary, she planned a major reduction in trade barriers, wanting to drop tariffs on some types of imported steel.
But the UK steel industry warned that the approach cost thousands of jobs and mean £100m of lost sales, running down the domestic industry.
The then-trade secretary backed away from the plans after losing out during a Cabinet split with Mr Kwarteng, then business secretary, who favoured the tougher protections.
Abolishing the monarchy
The Tory favourite has also changed her mind about some quite fundamental issues: Ms Truss previously argued for the abolition of the monarchy, for instance.
In 1994, the 19-year-old activist told the Liberal Democrat party conference: “We do not believe people are born to rule.”
Fast forward three decades and, in July this year, she said she “almost immediately” regretted her speech.
Ms Truss had been an active member of the Lib Dems before switching to the Tories in 1996.
Brexit: From Remain to Leave
Ms Truss campaigned for Britain to stay in the EU in 2016, but now says she regrets her Remain vote.
Far from simply regretting the result of the referendum, she now says she disagrees with her previous position.
“I fully embraced the choice that the people of Britain have made," she said during the recent Tory leadership contest.
“I was wrong and I am prepared to admit I was wrong. Some of the portents of doom didn't happen and instead we have actually unleashed new opportunities.”
