Joseph Jackson was a steelworker from Gary, Indiana, who forged a musical dynasty by launching the careers of The Jackson 5, his son Michael Jackson and daughter Janet Jackson, but whose legacy was tarnished when some of his children accused him of exploitation and abusive behaviour.
Jackson was an unlikely starmaker who demanded nothing less than perfection as he drove his children towards success. To a remarkable degree, he succeeded: all nine of his children would have a hand in producing major hit records, and Michael Jackson would become the most popular recording artist of the 1980s.
Collectively the Jacksons may have been the most prominent family in pop music history, but their fame came at the cost of family feuds, lurid accusations and an unending stream of tabloid headlines. Over time, nearly all the children rebelled against the brutal manner of their father, who was known to some as Joe but preferred to be called Joseph, even by his children.
In his youth Jackson had ambitions of being a marquee name in his own right. He first aspired to be a boxer, then in the early 1950s played guitar in a rhythm and blues band that never tasted success.
He found work in a steel mill and gradually shifted his show business dreams towards his children. As the family grew to nine children – an infant son died in 1957 – they all occupied a tiny house on, as fate would have it, Jackson Street.
Coming home from work one night in the early 1960s, Jackson discovered that his sons had broken a string on his guitar. He angrily asked Tito, not yet 10, to prove that he knew how to play the guitar.
Jackson recognised that his sons had talent, and he soon began to groom them into a musical act. By 1962, Jackie, Tito and Jermaine were appearing in talent shows as the Jackson Brothers.
“When I found out that my kids were interested in becoming entertainers, I really went to work with them,” Jackson told Time magazine in 1984. “I rehearsed them about three years before I turned them loose. I saw that after they became better, they enjoyed it more.”
Two younger brothers, Marlon and Michael, watched the after school rehearsals, learning each tune and dance step, and before long they were part of the group as well.
The Jackson Brothers became The Jackson 5, and it soon became obvious that 8-year-old Michael, with his buoyant voice and polished stage presence, was unusually talented.
Jackson watched over his boys’ progress with a mixture of pride and discipline.
“We’d perform for him, and he’d critique us,” Michael Jackson wrote in Moonwalk, his 1988 autobiography. “If you messed up, you got hit, sometimes with a belt, sometimes with a switch.”
Jackson was hardest on Michael, giving him the demeaning nickname of “Big Nose”. The father-son relationship became more and more volatile.
“I’d take a shoe and throw it at him, or I’d just fight back, swinging my fists,” Michael Jackson wrote. “That’s why I got it more than all my brothers combined. I would fight back, and my father would kill me, just tear me up.”
Jackson booked his sons into nightclubs in Gary and nearby Chicago, where they sometimes worked on a bill with strippers and raunchy comedians, to the distress of their mother, Katherine, a member of the Jehovah’s Witnesses.
In 1967, Jackson drove his sons to New York in a Volkswagen van to compete in an amateur night at the Apollo, the Harlem theatre long known as a springboard for emerging talent. Performing versions of tunes by James Brown and other soul artists, The Jackson 5 won first prize. Before long, they were opening for The Temptations and Smokey Robinson and The Miracles and appearing on the nationwide “Chitlin’ Circuit” before largely black audiences.
After his sons cut a record on a small local label in 1968, Jackson signed a contract with Motown. The record company’s founder Berry Gordy put his top songwriters and musicians to work, producing a kind of music dubbed “bubblegum soul”.
In 1969 and 1970, The Jackson 5 achieved four straight No 1 hits, with “I Want You Back,” “ABC,” “The Love You Save” and “I’ll Be There”. The Volkswagen van was gone, and the brothers were driven in limousines from one television studio to another.
As manager, Jackson guided their every move. He resettled the family in California and put his other children on stage, with daughters Maureen (“Rebbie”), La Toya and Janet performing in Las Vegas in the 1970s, along with the family’s youngest son, Randy.
Jackson repeatedly clashed with Gordy over contract terms, and in 1975 he negotiated a deal with Epic Records. The new contract offered greater artistic freedom, boosted the family’s royalties by as much as 500 per cent and paid Jackson substantial fees as manager.
The first public rift in the family came at this time, when Jermaine Jackson, who was married to Gordy’s daughter, stayed with Motown.
The rights to the name Jackson 5 were also controlled by Motown, which forced the reconstituted family group to be known as The Jacksons. Their new recordings on the Epic label sold well but did not duplicate the early success of The Jackson 5.
When Michael Jackson turned 21 in 1979, his contract with his father expired. He promptly fired his father as manager and began to work with Quincy Jones, a onetime jazz arranger and bandleader, who produced Michael’s hit albums of the 1980s, Off the Wall, Thriller and Bad, which sold hundreds of millions of copies and made him a superstar.
Michael’s brothers and sisters began to break away, as well, chafing under their father’s harsh style. In her 1991 memoir, La Toya Jackson, the middle daughter, wrote that all the children were physically and emotionally abused by their father and that the girls may have been molested. (She later backed away from some of those claims, which were denied by Jackson.)
When the youngest of the nine children, Janet Jackson, severed her working agreement with her father in the 1980s, the first album she produced under a new management team was pointedly called Control. Only then did her career take off, making her one of the music world’s biggest stars of the 1990s.
Despite the strained family relations, Joseph Jackson remained a forceful presence in his children’s lives. Even after Michael Jackson dismissed him as manager and was becoming the world’s most famous pop star, he continued to live with his parents for several years. He attended Jehovah’s Witnesses meetings with his mother several times a week and sometimes went door to door, seeking converts. He spent millions of dollars supporting his parents and other family members.
In 2009, Michael Jackson died at age 50 as a result of a sedative overdose allegedly administered by his doctor, Conrad Murray, who was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter and sentenced to prison.
Guardianship of Michael’s three children was assigned to his mother and later to his nephew TJ Jackson, Tito’s son.
In the confusion surrounding Michael Jackson’s death, the fractured family dynamics played out in court. In his will, Michael divided his fortune among his mother, his children and several charities. He left nothing to his father or his siblings.
Joseph Walter Jackson was born 26 July 1928, in Fountain Hill, Arkansas. He was 12 when his parents separated, and he followed his father, a schoolteacher, to Oakland, California.
After completing high school, he moved to East Chicago, Indiana, where his mother had settled. He was an amateur boxer for a short time and had a brief teenage marriage that was annulled.
In 1949, he married Katherine Scruse, whose singing around the house was cited as a crucial influence by her children. Jackson worked as a crane operator at a steel mill in Gary.
In later years, Jackson often spoke of building a museum and turning the family home on Jackson Street into a shrine to the Jacksons, along the lines of Elvis Presley’s Graceland. Nothing came of those plans.
Jackson’s success in guiding his children’s early careers led to a high-flying life and to several questionable business decisions. In 1988, a court ordered him to pay $3m to a business partner who had sued him over a real estate venture. He reputedly had affairs with many women, and his wife filed for divorce twice, only to withdraw the papers each time.
Katherine Jackson lived in the family home in California, while her husband spent his final years in a 1,000-square-foot condo in Las Vegas. In 2012, he tried to earn money by selling perfume at a Las Vegas mall, but he had to stop when he could not prove that he had permission to use Michael Jackson’s image on the bottles.
When Jackson had a series of strokes in 2014, he noted on his website that only two members of his family – Janet and a granddaughter – came to visit him. During his final illness, he reportedly had a reconciliation with his estranged wife.
In addition to Katherine Jackson, survivors include eight children from his marriage; a daughter from a relationship, Joh’Vonnie Jackson; and many grandchildren.
In his 1988 memoir, Michael Jackson recalled how, after school each day throughout his childhood, he went directly into rehearsals or recording sessions that lasted deep into the night. He would longingly look out of a window at other children playing in a park, imagining a life he never got to have.
“I’d just stare at them in wonder,” he wrote. “I couldn’t imagine such freedom, such a carefree life – and wish more than anything that I had that kind of freedom, that I could walk away and be like them.”
In 2014, a New York Post reporter asked Joseph Jackson whether he had any regrets about his life or about how hard he had driven his family.
“Not at all,” he said. “I don’t live that way.”
Joseph Walter Jackson, father and manager of Michael Jackson and Jackson 5, born 26 July 1928, died 27 June 2018
© The Washington Post
