With the world's largest reserves of nickel, used extensively in making batteries, Indonesia is aiming to become an electric vehicle powerhouse, not least by courting Tesla CEO Elon Musk.
But to attract the investment needed to become an electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing hub, experts say Indonesia must avoid past environmental mistakes, when decades of unregulated mining turned parts of its main tin-producing islands into a lunar landscape.
In just three years, Jakarta has signed deals worth about US$15 billion for battery and EV production, while President Joko Widodo has personally tried to persuade Tesla's Musk to invest.
But questions over environmental and legal safeguards could make investors wary as they seek to safeguard their reputations.
Danny Marks, assistant professor of environmental politics and policy at Dublin City University, said mining still faces significant environmental challenges.
He cited decades of unregulated tin mining in the Bangka-Belitung islands, off the southeast coast of Sumatra island, that has destroyed forests and coral reefs, leaving piles of white tailings, large craters and acidic, turquoise lakes.
"Indonesia should heed the lessons from its tin mining experiences which caused numerous deaths due to mining accidents, was linked to child labour, and permanently scarred the island of Bangka's landscape," Asst Prof Marks said in an interview.
"EV companies do not want their supply chains to be similarly tainted," he said. "The Indonesian government must immediately strengthen their environmental safeguards so similar problems won't arise from nickel mining."
Electric vehicle production and sales are surging globally, with the sector seen as key in the drive to curb climate change by cutting emissions from petrol and diesel, reduce oil imports and fuel subsidies, and support investment in renewable energy.
But in Southeast Asia, EVs accounted for less than 2% of sales in 2022, according to consultancy firm McKinsey & Company, and governments are introducing incentives for auto and battery makers, tax breaks for buyers, and setting ambitious targets to become EV manufacturing hubs.
Rahul Gupta, an associate partner at McKinsey in Singapore, said Indonesia has attracted investments in battery production and vehicle assembly, while Vietnam and Thailand have won business in EV assembly and components like power trains and motors.
STRENGTHEN OVERSIGHT
Besides nickel, Indonesia is also blessed with reserves of cobalt and copper, other essential materials for EV batteries.
But making battery-grade nickel produces high planet-heating emissions, so Indonesia has to shift from coal power plants to renewable energy to lure the likes of Tesla and achieve its ambitious EV goals, analysts said.
Late last year, the country clinched one of the largest-ever donor-led climate finance deals, known as a "Just Energy Transition Partnership", to shutter its coal-fired power plants early and back renewables.
But analysts said those efforts must be accelerated.
Some Indonesian nickel mines are also operating without permits and have caused deforestation in protected areas, contaminating the soil, polluting the ocean and hurting the livelihoods of local fishermen, Asst Prof Marks said.
"The country needs to significantly strengthen its environmental safeguards," he said. "It generally needs to strengthen its oversight of these mines."
President Widodo banned exports of nickel ore in 2020, but allowed exports of higher-value nickel products, forcing companies to process and manufacture onshore.
However, the introduction of a job creation law in 2020 may allow for strategic projects such as mining to skip environmental requirements, said Aditya Mahalana, a Jakarta-based senior researcher at The International Council on Clean Transportation.
RISK FOR TESLA?
Waste management is also important for EV investors, as battery makers need to dump by-products in a contained area with limited ecosystem damage, said McKinsey & Company's Gupta.
Deep-sea tailings waste disposal and air pollution linked to nickel mining are other challenges for EV manufacturers seeking to prove their green credentials, said Albidin Linda, climate change and sustainability partner at consultancy EY Indonesia.
"Mining is an industry that is prone to sustainability risks and reputation risks, in which heightened efforts to alleviate these potential problems are needed by corporates that are making sustainability a business priority," Mr Linda said.
"With a relatively unstable environmental protection framework and regulatory oversight, operation in Indonesia might become a heightened risk for Tesla and EV manufacturers," he added.
While Malaysia and Thailand are the region's traditional auto manufacturing hubs, Indonesia is its largest vehicle market and is along major shipping and supply lines for importing materials and exporting final products, said Nicholas Wagner, a programme officer at the International Renewable Energy Agency in Bonn.
But new technology from foreign investment must also be accompanied by relevant training for workers to ensure the long-term sustainability of the EV business, he added.
Bill Sullivan, a mining expert at Christian Teo & Partners in Jakarta, said a lack of regulatory and fiscal certainty, owing to the government's tendency to change the rules of the game, could hinder major EV investments.
Low transparency and a "wholly unsatisfactory court system" leaves foreign investors at a loss in any legal dispute with a well-connected local party, Mr Sullivan warned.
Foreign investors in Indonesian EV manufacturing need to make sure -- as part of their environmental, social and governance responsibilities -- that metals come from mines that minimise their impact on the environment, he said.
EV makers are likely to be keen to avoid the backlash electronics companies have faced over the last decade, when linked with the environmental destruction caused by unregulated tin mining on the Bangka-Belitung islands.
"We really are in a race against the clock to save the climate, and one leg of that race is to 'electrify everything' -- but it mustn't be at the expense of human rights, forests and clean water," said Arie Rompas at Greenpeace Indonesia. Reuters
Michael Taylor is a Climate Correspondent at the Thomson Reuters Foundation based in Malaysia.
