Indonesia's parliament has passed a controversial new criminal code that bans cohabitation between unmarried couples and curbs many other personal freedoms.
It imposes a possible 12-month jail term for adultery or sex outside marriage.
Couples can only be prosecuted if they are reported by a spouse, parents or their children.
The new laws, which apply to Indonesians and foreigners alike, also include penalties for criticising the president, or government ministers and institutions – which many say will curb freedom of expression and make it harder to stage protests.
However, the criminal code will not apply immediately, with a transition from the old code to be made within three years.
The new code maintains that abortion is a crime, but adds exceptions for women with life-threatening medical conditions and for rape, provided that the foetus is less than 12 weeks old, in line with what is already regulated in the 2004 Medical Practice Law.
It will also preserve the death penalty within the criminal justice system, despite calls from the National Commission on Human Rights and other groups to abolish capital punishment, following the lead of other countries.
Human Rights Watch said laws penalising criticism of public leaders was contrary to international law, and the fact that some forms of expression were considered insulting was not sufficient to justify restrictions or penalties.
"The danger of oppressive laws is not that they'll be broadly applied, it's that they provide avenue for selective enforcement," senior Indonesia researcher Andreas Harsono said.
He said many hotels, including in tourism areas — such as Bali and metropolitan Jakarta — risked losing visitors.
"These laws let police extort bribes, let officials jail political foes, for instance, with the blasphemy law," Mr Harsono said.
Opponents of the bill say it represents a "huge setback" to the retention of democratic freedoms won after the fall of authoritarian leader Suharto in 1998.
The law could still come under challenge in the courts.
ABC/ Reuters/ AP
