LOS ANGELES — Immigration and Customs Enforcement has crafted a sophisticated surveillance dragnet designed to spy on most people living in the United States, without the need for warrants and many times circumventing state privacy laws, such as those in California, according to a two-year investigation released Tuesday by the Georgetown Law Center on Privacy & Technology.
Over the years, privacy law experts and civil rights activists and attorneys have accused ICE of overreach in its surveillance tactics directed at immigrants and Americans alike, but the Georgetown report paints a picture of an agency that has gone well beyond its immigration enforcement mandate, instead evolving into something of a broader domestic surveillance agency, according to the report, called "American Dragnet: Data-Driven Deportation in the 21st Century."
ICE officials did not respond to a Los Angeles Times request for comment.
The report outlines the extent into which ICE has gone in order to form a large-scale surveillance system that has reached into the lives into ordinary people living in the U.S. Skirting local laws intending to protect individuals' privacy, the agency has turned to third-party outfits— utility companies, private databases and even the Department of Motor Vehicles in some states — to amass a trove of information from hundreds of thousands of Americans and immigrants to target people for deportation.
ICE spent an estimated $2.8 billion between 2008 and 2021 on new surveillance, data collection and data-sharing initiatives, according to the Georgetown report. The large scale of ICE surveillance came as a shock even to the report's authors.
"I was alarmed to discover that ICE has built up a sweeping surveillance infrastructure capable of tracking almost anyone, seemingly at any time. ICE has ramped up its surveillance capacities in near-complete secrecy and impunity, sidestepping limitations and flying under the radar of lawmakers," said Nina Wang, policy associate at the Center on Privacy & Technology and a co-author of the study.
Wang said that even "sanctuary" states such as California are affected by the agency's sweeping dragnet, using third parties — such as utility companies and other non-law enforcement outfits — to amass data on hundreds of thousands of Californians.
"Even in states that have tried to protect immigrants' data, ICE has found ways to sidestep some of the strongest restrictions on the kinds of records that it can access, as well as regulations on when and how and on whom it can pull this information," she said. "As a result, anyone's information can end up in the hands of immigration enforcement simply because they've applied for driver's licenses; driven on the roads; or signed up with their local utilities to get access to heat, water and electricity."
Formed in the wake of the Sept. 11 attacks, ICE was given sweeping powers to fight terrorism and enforce immigration law. Since then, the agency has collected data on hundreds of millions of Americans largely without much oversight or accountability, often crossing legal and ethical lines to amass peoples' personal information to weave a vast surveillance system, according to the Georgetown report.
For years, civil liberty and immigrant rights groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union, have exposed and pushed back against ICE's massive surveillance powers, launching lawsuits against the agency, with some success.
Researchers compiled the report from the results of hundreds of Freedom of Information Act requests.
Among other findings, the report documents that ICE has drivers' license data for 3 in 4 adults living in the U.S.; has scanned at least 1 in 3 of all adults' driver's licenses with face recognition technology; can track the movement of vehicles in cities that are home to nearly 3 in 4 adults; and can locate 3 in 4 adults through their utility records.
In California, Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a bill in 2020 that promised to protect utility customer data from exposure to federal immigration officials. But ICE officials found a way around the law, purchasing access to hundreds of millions of Americans' utility records provided by data brokers Thomson Reuters and Equifax.
Despite California's attempt to thwart ICE and protect utility data, the Georgetown report discovered that ICE still had access to more than half of California residents' utility information.
California is also one of 17 jurisdictions in the country that make it possible for people who are in the country without legal status to apply for driver's licenses. California legislators have tried to protect drivers' data from ICE.
When state officials discovered that the agency was using a state system to view driver's license information, legislators passed Assembly Bill 1747 in 2019, which prohibits ICE from gaining access to the system for civil immigration enforcement purposes.
But ICE found a way around this too. The Georgetown report suggests that ICE may have accessed driver's license data collected by California DMV through LexisNexis Risk Solutions, a data broker. Documents show that California DMV directly sells its data to LexisNexis. Since March 2021, ICE has contracted with LexisNexis to access driver records.
Soon after AB 1747 passed, its author, San Diego Assemblywoman Lorena Gonzalez, told media outlets that she hoped the law would help protect Californians' personal information from ICE.
"Every time we create a law in California, ICE figures out a way to get around this," she conceded at the time.
The report made a list of recommendations on how to curtail ICE surveillance, including urging Congress to take action and impose oversight.
"ICE has been able to build massive surveillance capabilities without needing authorization and without congressional oversight," said Allison McDonald, a research fellow and co-author of the report. "That they have been able to build such an expansive infrastructure in relative secrecy is setting an alarming example for how federal agencies can evade scrutiny."
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