Icelanders vote in a legislative election Saturday after the collapse of a fraught coalition prompted a snap poll where the economy is a top concern.
Battling inflation and high interest rates, the economy, housing and healthcare have dominated the campaign for the 268,000 people eligible to vote.
Most voting stations will be open between 9:00 am (0900 GMT) and 10:00 pm.
Fears have been raised that some voters may struggle to reach polling stations as heavy snowfall and strong winds have been predicted for some regions.
"I feel we need change," 48-year-old film producer Grimar Jonsson, told AFP in Reykjavik.
Jonsson said he hoped to see a change of government and "getting rid of so-called old-fashioned political parties."
Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson's three-party, left-right coalition resigned in October.
The coalition of Benediktsson's Independence Party, the Left-Green Movement and the centre-right Progressive Party was divided on a range of issues but broke down over the handling of migrants and asylum seekers.
Despite causing the demise of the government, immigration is not a galvanising issue. One in five residents in the country is foreign-born.
"It is very prominent in the public debate amongst politicians, but still it does not seem to be an issue that people are putting at the front of their list of important issues," Eirikur Bergmann, a politics professor at Bifrost University, told AFP.
According to a Gallup poll published in early November, only 32 percent listed immigration as a key issue and only 18 percent included asylum issues.
By contrast, healthcare, economic issues and housing were a top concern for more than 60 percent.
Broadcaster RUV reported that an AI chatbot set up to answer questions about the election had mostly been asked about housing and tax issues.
For first-time voter Lena Brynjardottir, housing is a top concern.
"But also I want to have focus on the financial while also looking at human rights and immigration as well", 18-year-old Brynjardottir told AFP. "I think balance is what is the most important for me right now in this election."
The coalition has lost support during its time in power.
According to a recent RUV poll, only 49 percent of those who voted for the Independence Party in 2021 planned to do so again.
The Left-Green Movement looks to retain less than a fifth of its voters and risks falling below the parliamentary cutoff of five percent, meaning it could fail to get a seat, according to the poll by analyst group Maskina.
Few Icelandic parties have left their time in power unscathed since the 2008 financial crisis -- which hit Iceland's over-indebted banks.
"In the last 15 years, voters in Iceland have been extremely critical of their governments and voted against the government in all elections except one," Olafur Hardarson, professor of political science at the University of Iceland, told AFP.
The exception was Katrin Jakobsdottir of the Left-Green Movement, who held on as prime minister in the last election.
Benediktsson took over as prime minister in April 2024 after Jakobsdottir resigned to run for the presidency, which she failed to win.
This year, Iceland has experienced more than political turmoil.
The southwestern Reykjanes peninsula, which had not seen a volcanic eruption for eight centuries prior to March 2021, has had seven eruptions this year -- including one last week that is still spewing lava.
The eruptions have led to multiple evacuations of the fishing village of Grindavik, and Iceland's famed Blue Lagoon hot spa.
Going into the election, the Social Democratic Alliance -- led by Kristrun Frostadottir -- is ahead in the polls with 20.4 percent, RUV reported this week, citing another Maskina poll.
In second place is the Liberal Reform Party, with 19.2 percent of voter support.
Benediktsson's Independence Party polled in third place with 14.5 percent.
According to Hardarson, if the election results come in close to the polls, one likely coalition would be the Social Democratic Alliance and the Liberal Reform Party -- with one or two others -- as their policies are relatively close.
"This is difficult to predict because in Iceland the coalition game is relatively open," he noted.
