In 2024, global cocaine flows reached record levels as criminal groups in Latin America and the Caribbean adapted to law enforcement tactics, shifting from cartel hierarchies to decentralized networks. These modular systems, resilient and adaptable, now dominate the drug trade, ensuring its survival even under pressure.
Colombia, the world's largest cocaine producer, has seen coca cultivation surge since 2020. By September 2024, authorities had seized nearly as much cocaine as in all of 2023. Meanwhile, a wastewater analysis in Europe showed rising consumption, underscoring the drug's global reach, as reported by InSight Crime.
Historically, dominant cartels, such as Pablo Escobar's Medellín Cartel, controlled every stage of the cocaine supply chain. However, the 1993 death of Escobar marked a turning point. Subsequent law enforcement actions dismantled other cartels, paving the way for decentralized networks.
Today, groups like Brazil's First Capital Command (PCC) exemplify this transformation, according to the outlet. The PCC sources cocaine from various suppliers, including Colombia's ex-FARC mafia and producers in Peru and Bolivia. This diversification ensures a steady supply, even if one source is disrupted. Suppliers, in turn, sell to multiple buyers, creating a web of interconnected actors.
Once the PCC secures shipments, the drugs move through independent transporters across South America before reaching coastal ports. European crime groups, including the 'Ndrangheta and Balkan mafias, then distribute the cocaine across Europe. These various links and nodes operate through discreet communications, encrypted messaging apps, and electronic payments, often leaving little trace for authorities.
Cryptocurrencies further obscure transactions. Tools like tumblers blend and reallocate virtual coins, making financial tracking nearly impossible. This digital evolution has made dismantling these networks a huge challenge.
In addition to cryptocurrencies, cartels are also laundering money through sports platforms, fintech companies and even public transportation contracts. An investigation by Brazilian authorities unveiled an alleged scheme linking fintech company 4TBank to the PCC. Police is accusing the digital bank of laundering hundreds of millions of dollars used for the criminal organization's operations, the financing of political campaigns, and integrating dirty money into legitimate business ventures.
To counter these evolving networks, authorities must adopt multifaceted strategies, focusing on disrupting critical points, maintaining relentless pressure, and following financial trails. Targeting vital chokepoints, such as Brazil's Santos port—a key hub for cocaine shipments to Europe—could significantly disrupt the drug supply chain.
The COVID-19 pandemic provided an unintentional test case. Lockdowns restricted shipping, stranding stockpiles of cocaine in South America. But as restrictions eased, trafficking resumed at full speed, highlighting the need for sustained pressure.
Operations like A Ultranza PY demonstrate what consistent efforts can achieve. Targeting Sebastián Marset's network in Paraguay disrupted his operations, leading to arrests and trials for key players. However, corruption and reduced pressure allowed new actors to fill the void.
© 2024 Latin Times. All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.
