Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men.
One in eight men are diagnosed with the disease in their lifetime, according to figures by Prostate Cancer UK. Treatment is sometimes required to curb the spread of the cancer, but for many people, no treatment is necessary.
For others, the cancer can spread rapidly and which requires chemotherapy and radiotherapy to prolong life and delay symptoms. One man in every 45 minutes dies from prostate cancer, which is equivalent to more than 11,500 men every year.
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There are early tell-tale symptoms that men can look out for early on, a medical expert has said.
Dr Kubes is a Medical Director at the Proton Therapy Centre in Prague, Czech Republic - which is a facility that treats many UK prostate cancer patients with pioneering proton beam therapy radiation.
He said: “There’s been a huge attempt to raise awareness about the disease in the past few years. But men need to know what these checks actually entail and at what age they should be approaching their GP asking for a test.”
Urinating frequently
Going to the toilet more frequently or more often to the night could be a sign you may have prostate cancer. Sometimes, you may need to rush to the toilet and have a sudden urge to urinate.
Dr Kubes said: “The main indicator that something is wrong is in your toilet habits. If you’re finding you need to wee more frequently, or you’re getting up often during the night, then you need to investigate the cause.
Hesitancy while urinating
This could be another tell-tale sign of prostate cancer.
Difficulty stopping or starting urination, or even holding back urination, could be an early symptom of the disease.
Weak bladder flow
A weak bladder flow may be a sign of prostate cancer. Often times, urine will appear as droplets and it would take a lot of time to go to the toilet.
Dr Kubes added: "You may also notice a hesitancy when you try to pee, or straining and taking a lot of time, as well as a weak flow."
Feeling like bladder is not emptied
Feeling like you constantly need to urine, even if you have just emptied your bladder, could be something to watch out for.
Having the urge to to go to the toilet frequently is a symptom to look out for.
Blood in urine or semen
Blood in your urine or semen is an obvious warning sign of prostate cancer. You should get yourself checked up by a medical professional as soon as possible.
Dr Kubes said: “Some sufferers notice that their bladder feels like it’s not been fully emptied. Meanwhile, blood in your urine or semen is another obvious warning sign. But men also need to be aware that prostate cancer can be symptomless until the tumour has grown large enough to pose a real problem."
“We see many patients - in fact the majority - who’ve been diagnosed with prostate cancer having had absolutely no symptoms whatsoever.”
How to get tested for prostate cancer?
The only way to get tested for prostate cancer is through a blood test, called a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. The test measures the level of PSA and may help detect early prostate cancer.
Dr Kubes said: “While there’s no national screening programme for prostate cancer, a prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test is used as a diagnostic tool in the UK. PSA is a protein often produced by prostate cancer cells. Raised levels, discovered through a simple blood test, can indicate a tumour.
“According to NHS guidelines, if you’re aged 50 to 69, a PSA reading of 3ng/ml or higher represents a ‘raised’ level and cause for concern. If the PSA test indicates a problem, you’re likely to have a digital rectal examination as well as an MRI scan of the prostate.”
When can you ask for a PSA test?
Dr Kubes said: “According to NHS guidelines, if you’re 50 years old or over, you can ask your GP for a PSA test. However – and this is crucial – if there’s any family history of prostate cancer, you can demand a PSA test five to ten years sooner, at the age of 40-45.
“That also goes for black men. They too can request a PSA test at 45 years old due to the fact that studies have shown they’re genetically more at risk of contracting the disease. It’s also important to stress that you should be looking out for the early warning signs of the disease as soon as you hit your 40s. And that’s important.
“Research has found that around a third of men have no idea what to look out for when it comes to prostate cancer.”
What are the chances of survival?
The chances of surviving prostate cancer is good if you catch the disease early.
Dr Kubes said: "The good news is that the chances of surviving the disease is good if you catch it early enough. Most patients will undergo a biopsy of the tumour, with samples of tissue studied in a lab to see how quickly the cancer will spread. What happens next will depend on the result of those tests.”
What treatments are available?
Treatment for prostate cancer will depend on your individual circumstances. The aim of treatment is to cure or control the disease, so that it affects everyday life as little as possible and doesn't shorten life expectancy.
Dr Kubes said: "Prostate cancer can be slow growing. Your GP may not feel that any invasive surgery or treatment is necessary. It’s not uncommon, particularly among older men, for a ‘watchful waiting’ approach to be adopted, where a patient simply begins active surveillance on the tumour – having regular tests – to see if it gets worse and starts to cause symptoms.
“Some patients will opt for a prostatectomy – the surgical removal of your prostate gland. But that surgery comes with certain risks, particularly incontinence and the loss of sexual function.
“Surgery does not guarantee all the cancerous cells will be removed. Another common treatment is radiotherapy, or a mixture of radiotherapy and hormone therapy, to halt the spread of the cancer and to stop cells regrowing.
“As with a prostatectomy, standard radiotherapy can see ‘collateral damage’ where organs close to the tumour are damaged by the radiation. Meanwhile, a growing number of people are seeking newer, alternative treatments, unlikely to be available on the NHS.
“Proton beam therapy is an alternative to standard radiotherapy and is increasingly being used to treat some of the deadliest and hardest to reach cancers – including those of the central nervous system, head and neck, breast, prostate and lymphomas. Unlike traditional X-ray radiation, proton beam therapy particles stop at the tumour, reducing damage to surrounding tissue and organs, and future ‘secondary’ cancers.
“For prostate cancer patients it can also radically reduce the chances of incontinence and impotence. Crucially, a prostate cancer patient can be treated with protons in around five days, with good clinical results, providing treatment begins in the early stages of the disease.”
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