This January has been one of the busiest months ever for North Korea's missile testing, with launches displaying a dizzying array of weapon types, launch locations, and increasing sophistication.
From hypersonic missiles and long-range cruise missiles to missiles launched from railcars and airports, the tests highlight the nuclear-armed state's rapidly expanding and advancing arsenal amid stalled denuclearisation talks.
North Korea hasn't tested its longest-range intercontinental ballistic missiles or nuclear weapons since 2017, but leader Kim Jong Un has pushed for more "military muscle" to counter what he sees as threats from the United States and its allies in Asia.
Kim visited an unidentified "important" munitions factory, state media said this week, underscoring his vow not only to improve capabilities, but mass produce and deploy more weapons.
Here are the different types of weapons tested so far this month:
'HYPERSONIC' MISSILES
North Korea said it tested a new type of "hypersonic missile" on Jan. 5 and again on Jan. 11, with Kim Jong Un reported to have attended the second launch.
Hypersonic weapons usually fly towards targets at lower altitudes than ballistic missiles and can achieve more than five times the speed of sound - or about 6,200 kms per hour (3,850 mph).
Despite their name, analysts say the main feature of hypersonic weapons is not speed but their manoeuvrability, which can help them evade missile defence systems.
South Korean officials questioned the capabilities of the missile after the first test, saying it did not appear to demonstrate the range and manoeuvrability claimed in a state media report and featured a Manoeuvrable Reentry Vehicle (MaRV) rather than the type of next-generation hypersonic glide vehicle developed by countries like China and Russia. Those officials later said the second test appeared to demonstrate greater performance.
Analysts said if Pyongyang can perfect such weapons, it would represent a potential major upgrade in its striking power against its nearby adversaries, complicating efforts by the United States and its Asian allies to counter that.
KN-23 SRBM
On Jan. 14 North Korea launched a pair of short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs) from a train near the northern border with China, in what state media said was a short-notice drill aimed at boosting the proficiency of the troops operating the missiles.
North Korea first tested the rail-based system in September, saying it was designed as a potential counter-strike to any threatening forces.
Despite the country's limited and sometimes unreliable rail network, rail mobile missiles are a relatively cheap and efficient option to improve the survivability of their nuclear forces, making it difficult for enemies to detect and destroy them before being fired, according to analysts.
The missiles appeared to be KN-23 SRBMs, which were first tested in May 2019, and are designed to evade missile defences by flying on a lower, "depressed" trajectory, experts said.
North Korea fired another pair of KN-23 missiles on Thursday, this time from a wheeled launching vehicle.
The tests confirmed the "explosive power" of its conventional warhead, state media said, while analysts noted it travelled on its lowest trajectory yet.
KN-24 SRBM
North Korea launched two short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs) in a rare test from an airport in its capital, Pyongyang, on Jan. 17.
The pair of missiles "precisely hit an island target" off the east coast, according to state media.
Analysts said the missiles appeared to be KN-24 SRBMs which were last tested in March 2020 and appear to have entered mass production and deployment with military units.
The KN-24 resembles the U.S. MGM-140 Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) and, like the KN-23, is designed to evade missile defences and carry out precision strikes on a flatter trajectory than traditional ballistic missiles.
LONG-RANGE CRUISE MISSILE
State media reported two long-range cruise missiles were fired on Tuesday, travelling 1,800 km before hitting a target island in the sea off North Korea's east coast.
The cruise missile would play a role in "boosting the war deterrence of the country," state news agency KCNA said.
In September, North Korea tested a new "strategic" cruise missile for the first time, seen as possibly the country's first such weapon with a nuclear capability.
Analysts said the latest cruise missile appeared to be similar, but also showed signs of being a possible variant.
North Korea's cruise missiles usually generate less interest than ballistic missiles because they are not explicitly banned under U.N. Security Council Resolutions, but analysts say land-attack cruise missiles can be no less a threat than ballistic missiles.
(Reporting by Josh Smith; Editing by Lincoln Feast.)
