Humans are destroying forests all over the world in a process called deforestation. Forests are cleared to make space for agriculture, and so humans can use the wood to make paper and other products. Deforestation is a very destructive process that threatens the health of our planet and its inhabitants.
Forests cover almost one-third of the planet's land, according to the World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF). Countless plants, animals, fungi and microbes live in forests, so when these forests are destroyed, the wildlife can't survive. The same is true for many human communities living in forests, particularly Indigenous people.
Deforestation is a problem almost everywhere, but it's especially damaging in the tropics. Rainforests in these regions cover just 2% of Earth's total surface area and yet house half of the world's plant and animal species.
What is deforestation?
Deforestation is the clearing of forests. Most deforestation takes place in the tropics, where beef farming is by far the biggest reason forests are cleared, according to WWF. People destroy trees in these regions so the land can be used to raise cattle to eat. The second biggest driver of deforestation is the demand for soybean, which is a crop grown to feed farm animals and to make biofuels, according to Our World In Data.
Forests are also cleared to make space for palm oil plantations, particularly in Indonesia. Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil that's found in half of all supermarket products. Behind palm oil, the fourth biggest driver of deforestation is the demand for paper and other products made from wood.
When did deforestation start?
Humans have been clearing trees for thousands of years, even before we started farming around 10,000 years ago, according to the book Biological and Environmental Hazards, Risks, and Disasters (Elsevier, 2023). However, deforestation has gotten worse over time. About half of the total deforestation caused by humans happened between 8,000 B.C. and 1900, while the other half has happened since 1900.
Global forest loss has slowed down a bit since the 1980s, when the rate of deforestation peaked, according to Our World In Data. However, deforestation is still very high across the world. There are also other factors affecting the health of our forests. For example, Australian rainforests have been dying much faster since the 1980s, with trees living about half as long, likely because of climate change.
What are the impacts of deforestation?
Deforestation is a major threat to humans, wildlife and the planet. Forests support most of the wildlife that lives on land, as well as human communities around the world, particularly Indigenous people and communities living in forests — an estimated 780 million people live within 0.6 miles (1 km) of a forest. Forests provide shelter, food, water, medicine, work and fuel to these communities, so deforestation is a major threat to their existence.
Deforestation can also directly influence the weather. For example, removing trees in tropical regions can reduce rainfall because it changes the way water vapor forms over the forest canopy. Healthy forests help minimize extreme weather by regulating rainfall and stabilizing local climates, according to the United Nations' 2024 State of the World's Forests report. Researchers have found that in North America, Europe and Asia, deforestation leads to more intense heatwaves, according to MIT's Climate Portal.
Does deforestation contribute to global warming?
Deforestation contributes to global warming in a variety of different ways. Global warming, or climate change, is caused by humans releasing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Forests naturally pull billions of tons of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, so when we remove them, we lose one of the ways Earth captures and stores that greenhouse gas. Destroying trees also releases the carbon dioxide they've stored back into the atmosphere.
Deforestation is the main way humans change our planet's landscape, and it produces up to 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics. Damaging forests can also cause them to produce more carbon than they capture.
Deforestation in the Amazon
South America's Amazon rainforest is the largest forest in the world, but it's under threat from deforestation. Humans have removed about 386,000 square miles (1 million square km) of the Amazon rainforest since 1978, as the amount of tree cover has declined by at least 17% over the last 50 years.
One of the biggest drivers of deforestation in the Amazon is industrial farming. Setting fire to the forest is one of the main ways humans get rid of trees. Burning trees also makes the forest hotter and drier, which makes it more flammable, so additional fires do more damage.
How to stop deforestation
Deforestation is a global problem that will require a variety of different solutions, such as better monitoring of industries destroying forests and encouraging sustainable farming practices. According to the 2024 State of the World's Forests report, innovation is required to scale up forest conservation. The report pointed to new technologies for gathering data on forests and developing locally led solutions with underrepresented groups such as women, young people and Indigenous peoples.
At COP26 in 2021, more than 100 world leaders pledged to end deforestation by 2030. The rate of deforestation is currently too high to meet the 2030 pledge, with every region off target, according to the Forest Declaration Assessment, which tracks world leaders' progress against the COP26 target.
Humans can restore forests they've damaged to help counter deforestation. The goal of forest restoration is to return the forest to its original state before it was cleared, according to the U.S. Forest Service. Restoring damaged forests can be as easy as leaving them alone and allowing them to grow back. However, humans usually need to assist in some way, such as by planting new trees of the same type that were lost.
Deforestation photos
