One of the most iconic images of our time shows a polar bear marooned and adrift on an ice floe. Few other images capture the reality of climate change so viscerally. And now, ironically, Davos Man finds himself in a similar metaphorical position. His natural habitat, the hyper-globalised world of the past half-century, is shrinking, and he has gone from skiing in the Swiss Alps to skating on thin ice.
Of course, globalisation — the integration of national and regional economies through cross-border trade and investment — long predates Davos Man. Ever since the dawn of industrialisation in the 1800s, technological progress (steamships, railroads, the telegraph, automobiles, aeroplanes) and financial innovations (like the gold standard) have led to an increasingly interconnected global economy.
But this process has not been continuous. An earlier wave of globalisation came to an abrupt halt in the early 1900s with the rise of nationalism and protectionism, culminating in the Great Depression and fascism. Yet since the end of World War II, and especially after the Cold War, the international order has been deliberately geared toward American-led globalisation, with the Bretton Woods Institutions — the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) — providing the basic architecture.
Conceived by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 1971 (but unnamed until 2004), Davos Man became the avatar of this process. Each year since, the WEF has staged its flagship gathering in the Swiss Alps to extol the virtues of free trade and capital-market liberalisation as instruments for underwriting peace and prosperity.
But now, many fear that globalisation is in retreat for the first time since 1945. The United States and China are undergoing a large-scale “decoupling”. And the rise of populist movements in advanced economies — epitomised by Trumpism and Brexit — has placed the Global North’s right-wing nationalists on the same page as the Global South’s left-wing anti-colonialists.
Against this backdrop, Davos attendees spent this year’s gathering fretting over matters of taxonomy (“Re-Globalisation or De-Globalisation?”). Morgan Stanley, meanwhile, has warned clients about globalisation going into “reverse”.
But the change we are witnessing is about much more than supply chains and semiconductors. More fundamentally, what the economic sociologist Karl Polanyi called the “disembedding” of economic systems from social ones appears to be hitting its limits.
In strictly economic terms, the case for globalisation will always be compelling: the logic of comparative advantage dictates that if countries leverage their own strengths — their unique combination of resource endowments, geography, human capital, and so on — and then trade with the rest of the world, everyone will end up with more in the aggregate. Economic studies show that almost every country in the world has grown richer as a result of globalisation. Globally, poverty and inequality have declined markedly.
But economic actors are real people with “sticky” psychological traits. They have personal and social identities and deeply held values. They are not “commodities”. Whether they are workers displaced from their jobs by outsourcing or farmers unable to sell their produce because of international agreements, they have understandable objections to globalisation’s race-to-the-bottom dynamics.
The popular resistance to globalisation is not cognitive but affective, born of an anger over feeling “left behind” or “swept up.” According to Pew Research, a sense of belonging (or not belonging) to a “community” is the key factor determining whether people’s sentiment toward globalisation is positive (or negative). Globalisation is currently running into the wall of identity.
Though its influence runs deep, the Bretton Woods order rests on the thinnest possible political foundation. It is constituted by multinational corporations, a handful of international organisations that are famous for their lack of accountability to the public, and a thicket of extraordinarily complex and highly technical trade agreements. None has any direct relationship with ordinary people or their communities.
The challenges that globalisation is facing reflect the true nature of markets and economies as fundamentally social phenomena. In an age of “polycrisis” and “permacrisis,” to borrow Davos Man’s lingo, we need to shift the paradigm of globalisation to focus not only on goods, capital, and services but also on people. Ultimately, it is impossible to sustain global markets without global governance based on a broadly shared moral consensus. If Davos Man wants to avoid becoming completely obsolete, he will need to acquire some social skills. ©2023 Project Syndicate
Antara Haldar is Associate Professor of Empirical Legal Studies at the University of Cambridge.
