HAVANA — From a two-room concrete home on the fringes of Cuba’s capital, the rumble of wooden drums spills onto the streets.
Neighbors gather at the door, and kids climb a fence to peer inside. They watch as dozens of Cubans wearing white and African beads make offerings at a blue altar that takes up half a room, asking for luck, protection and good health.
While nearly 70% of Latin America’s 670 million people consider themselves Catholic, in Cuba, Santería is the name of the game. A fusion of African religions and Catholicism, Santería was one of the few religious practices to quietly endure through decades of prohibitions and stigma by Cuba’s communist government.
Now, as that stigma gradually fades and the country enters a moment of compounding economic, political and migratory crises, the religion is growing in popularity and expanding.
“Every day, the religion grows a little more,” Mandy Arrazcaeta, 30, said among throngs of people in his home dancing and making offerings at the altar to a plastic doll depicting the Yoruba deity Yemayá. “Right now, Santería in the country is a sort of bastion.”
Santería was born as a form of quiet resistance among the island’s black communities. The religion dates back centuries, to when Spanish colonists brought in hundreds of thousands of African slaves.
While the Spanish tried to force Catholicism on the slaves, the Africans brought their own religions, mostly from West Africa, which they would camouflage by attaching their deities — orishas — to Catholic saints.
For example, Our Lady of Charity — Cuba’s patron saint — blended with the golden deity Oshun.
“It would mix and mix ... through this Catholic virgin, they would speak to their African saints,” said Roberto Zurbano, a Cuban cultural critic. “That’s how the religion was able to survive.”
While there are hundreds of orishas in Santería, practitioners known as santeros usually worship only a handful, connecting with them through rituals and offerings.
On a Friday night, Arrazcaeta, family and friends splayed out offerings of coconut and red Cuban pesos emblazoned with the face of Che Guevara, sacrificing two chickens over bowls filled with rocks and seashells. In exchange, they asked for good health, strength during hardship and even luck in love.
It’s something that’s very Cuban, something spontaneous that we do,” Arrazcaeta said. “Because we know the struggles we face in this country.”
Millions worldwide are estimated to practice Santería, though definitive numbers — especially in Cuba — are hard to pin down due to the religion’s informal nature. The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom estimates that 70% of those who live in Cuba practice some version of Santeria or similar African-based religions.
What’s clear from the altars dotting homes across the island and the many Cubans in Havana cloaked in white — worn by santeros their first year after converting to represent rebirth — is that Santería has captured the Cuban consciousness.
Following the Cuban revolution in the 1950’s, Fidel Castro dismantled religious structures and expelled the priests who criticized his government. Religion, famously described by communist philosopher Karl Marx as “the opium of the people,” was strictly prohibited. Catholicism, highly dependent on meeting in churches and on hierarchy, withered.
Meanwhile, Santería practitioners pulled from the same tools they used to survive in earlier centuries.
“People did believe, but you couldn’t say anything because it was politically prohibited by Marxism,” Zurbano said. “All that did was strengthen Afro-religious faiths in very closed circles. They would keep it a secret, keep their religiosity to themselves.”
Zurbano’s family would quietly perform rituals inside their home and divide ceremonies that once would last a week into two-day chunks to avoid alerting authorities. Some adherents secretly wore religious garb under street clothes.
Katrin Hansing, an anthropologist in Cuba for City University New York, said Santería endured because of its flexibility and because of its perceived utility in assuring good health in exchange for offerings.
In the 1990s when Cuba’s main ally, the Soviet Union, collapsed, and the island spiraled into economic crisis, many Cubans found solace in Santería.
The Cuban government has accepted it, but the officially authorized ceremonies remain practically deserted, as islanders prefer celebrations in more informal settings, such as Arrazcaeta’s home.
“It’s incredibly resilient as a religious system,” Hansing said. “It’s so decentralized. And it allows the individual believer or practitioner to make it what they need it to be.”
Santería once again is seeing a surge, expanding beyond historically impoverished black communities.
Arrazcaeta, a white Cuban and member of the LGBTQ+ community, said he found refuge in the religion when he was 12. Once an Evangelical Christian, he said he felt rejected by members of that religion for being gay.
“I never fit in that religion,” Arrazcaeta said. “I liked that Santeria doesn’t obligate anyone to fit into a model.”
As a teenager, he began putting glasses of water around the house as offerings to orishas. His mother Maritza de la Rosa Perdomo would throw the water out, saying there was no place for religion in her home.
That changed three years ago, when Arrazcaeta joined a wave of Cubans in embarking on a journey to the United States, traversing the perilous jungles of the Darien Gap. When Arrazcaeta went missing for seven days in the jungle, the first thing Perdomo did was put out an offering.
“I began to beg for my son,” Perdomo said. “I said I needed to hear from him, to know that he was alive. I was begging with my whole heart.”
When she got a call from him shortly after, she decided to join the religion alongside her children.
“A religion that used to be, you know, dominantly practiced by descendants of Africans or people of African descent has now become a multiracial religion in Cuba,” Hansing said. “Santería has grown enormously.”
For each practitioner, Santería means something different. For Arrazcaeta, who nowadays travels between Cuba and work in Florida as an Uber driver, Santería is a spiritual experience. For Perdomo, it’s a way of seeking good health. For both, it’s a way to stay connected with the other an ocean away.
“Today, the entire country is dressed in white,” Perdomo said.
