A day before the latest United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) began, a group of global experts convened by The Lancet published a report about the adverse health effects of climate change. Their conclusion was as jarring as it was straightforward: human health is at the mercy of fossil fuels.
Unfortunately, health remained at the bottom of the priority list at COP27. To be sure, some important health-focused conversations took place at the World Health Organization's side pavilion. These talks were particularly timely, given the Covid-19 pandemic. But, beyond a blink-and-you-miss-it mention in the preamble, the COP27 declaration makes no substantive mention of the climate-health nexus.
It is a glaring omission. The connection between climate and health is deep and multifaceted. Consider how warming temperatures and unprecedented flooding have encouraged the spread of mosquitoes well beyond their traditional breeding grounds. If nothing is done, Zika will threaten an additional 1.3 billion people by 2050 and dengue fever will affect a whopping 60% of the world's population by 2080.
Climate-driven migration and shrinking animal habitats increase the risk that viruses and bacteria will jump from animal hosts to humans -- as Covid-19 likely did.
Global warming is also worsening air pollution and, in turn, chronic non-communicable diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arvind Kumar, who founded the Lung Care Foundation in Delhi, laments that practically everyone in India has the health profile of a smoker, simply because of air pollution. In fact, nearly 1.7 million Indians die every year from its effects.
The people most affected by these climate-related health issues have often done the least to create them. Many residents of Bangladesh, Mozambique and Pakistan do not even own cars. Yet they are suffering from the floods, cyclones and rising sea levels that have resulted from developed-country emissions.
Fortunately, key lessons from the pandemic response can help us tackle the health challenges that climate change raises. For starters, we need a data collection and analysis revolution. Global systems to capture and share relevant data progressed significantly during the pandemic but we are still using only a small share of the information generated. Worse, the data tend to be divided into silos.
For a more complete picture of the health effects of climate change, we must integrate clinical, epidemiological and genomic data from health systems with diverse non-health data, including on weather patterns, wastewater surveillance, consumer behaviour and even social media and mobility. Open-source platforms like Global.health are a step in the right direction but much more must be done.
Another lesson from the pandemic is that, to avoid slipping back into the cycle of panic and neglect, any resilience agenda requires sustainable financing. When Covid-19 emerged, scores of global actors acted with unprecedented speed and coordination.
But while large amounts of funding supported short-term initiatives, not nearly enough investment has been channelled subsequently toward pandemic prevention and preparedness.
As a first step, world leaders should back the Bridgetown Agenda, which seeks to reform global finance for the 21st century, including by ensuring that it supports climate action and pandemic prevention. They should also take every opportunity to connect climate and health issues in international forums.
A final critical lesson from the Covid-19 is that an effective response depends on community trust and engagement. As with face masks and vaccines, community groups and civil society will play a pivotal role in determining whether there is broad public buy-in for a bold agenda that covers both climate and health.
This will require a comprehensive, policy-shaping discussion that establishes a common language and shared intentions across sectors. Where should we aim to prevent the health consequences associated with climate change, and where should we mitigate them? Where should we adapt to the health effects of a warming planet, and why is an adaptation agenda becoming increasingly urgent?
In October, the UN confirmed that the world is far from meeting the goal, established in the 2015 Paris climate agreement, of limiting global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels, and we may instead be headed to a catastrophic 2.8C temperature rise by the end of the century. As the United Kingdom's COP27 representative Alok Sharma noted after the conference, the 1.5C goal is now on "life support".
Concerted action must be taken to revive it -- and that starts with recognising that climate and health are part of the same conversation. They can and must be tackled together. ©2022 Project Syndicate
Naveen Rao is Senior VP of the Health Initiative at The Rockefeller Foundation. Eloise Todd is Executive Director and Co-Founder of the Pandemic Action Network.
