Santiago (AFP) - Chileans voted on Sunday on whether to adopt a new constitution that would break from the era of Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship, foster a more welfare-based society and boost Indigenous rights.
Although Chileans previously voted in droves for a rewrite of the current constitution -- adopted in 1980 during Pinochet's rule -- opinion polls suggest the new text could be rejected.
Polling stations closed at 6:00 pm (2200GMT) after 10 hours of voting that passed off in "tranquility and with high turnout," said government spokeswoman Camila Vallejo.
Social upheaval that began in 2019 provided the impulse to overhaul the constitution, but the 388-article draft -- including proposals to legalize abortion -- has proved controversial and often confusing.
"I will reject it because it was a constitution that started badly," Maria Angelica Ebnes, a 66-year-old homemaker, told AFP in Santiago."It was forced, through violence."
In October 2019, protests sprung up mostly in the capital led by students initially angered by a proposed metro fare hike.
Those demonstrations spiraled into wider discontent with the country's neoliberal economic system as well as growing inequality.
Those in favor of the new text are still holding out hope of victory.
"People will go out to vote en masse and the polls will be wrong once again," said Juan Carlos Latorre, a legislator in the ruling coalition of leftist President Gabriel Boric, who supports the new text.
Boric called for national unity whatever the outcome as he voted in Punta Arenas.
More than 15 million Chileans are eligible to vote in the compulsory referendum.
Protect natural resources
Among the chief concerns of opponents is the prominence given to the country's Indigenous peoples, who make up close to 13 percent of the 19 million population.
Proposals to enshrine reproductive rights and protect the environment as well as natural resources such as water, which some say is exploited by private mining companies, have also garnered much attention.
The new constitution would also overhaul Chile's government, replacing the Senate with a less powerful "chamber of regions," and requiring women to hold at least half of positions in public institutions.
While recent polls have had the "reject" vote leading by as much as 10 percentage points, sociologist Marta Lagos said the result was not certain.
In the vast Santiago metropolitan area, the majority of people appear likely to vote in favor of the new constitution, Lagos said.
"There's always the possibility that all the polls are wrong," Lagos told AFP."(But) I don't think this possibility is more than five percent, and 'reject' is 95 percent likely to win."
Only a simple majority is required for the new constitution to be adopted.
"It is essential to make a change and take these opportunities that we have," said Karina Pinto, 33, a Paris-based designer and one of 100,000 Chileans abroad registered to vote.
Yet some fear the new text would generate instability and uncertainty, which could then harm the economy.
"What you can see is a certain conservatism in the Chilean electorate that we haven't seen for years," said Lagos.
But such conservatism was muted last December when millennial Boric was elected president.
Social tensions
Those in favor of the new constitution say it will prompt changes in a conservative country marked by social and ethnic tensions and lay the foundation for a more egalitarian society.
They say the current constitution gave private enterprise free rein over crucial industries and created a fertile breeding ground for the rich to prosper and the poor to struggle.
Although the 1980 constitution has undergone several reforms since it was adopted, it retains the stigma of having been introduced during a dictatorship.
Sunday's poll was the third time in just two years that Chileans have voted on the referendum, having already elected to rewrite the constitution and then elected the representatives to do so.
The new text was drawn up by a constitutional convention made up of 154 members -- mostly with no political affiliation -- split equally between men and women and with 17 places reserved for Indigenous people.
The resulting proposal recognizes 11 Indigenous peoples and offers them greater autonomy, particularly on judicial issues.
Some critics accuse the authors of trying to turn the traditionally marginalized Indigenous people into a higher class of citizens.
If accepted, Chile's congress will then start deciding how to apply the new laws.
If the new text is rejected, the current constitution will remain in place.
