Australian swimming champion Cate Campbell has addressed world swimming body FINA to offer her support for restricting transgender athletes from competing in elite women's competitions.
FINA voted to restrict the participation of transgender athletes overnight, and to create a working group to establish an "open" category for those athletes, in some events, as part of its new policy.
Campbell — a four-time Olympic gold medallist — joined former American swimmer Summer Sanders in addressing FINA before the decision was made.
The 30-year-old said she had made the difficult decision to support the restriction, while still encouraging transgender athletes to be a part of the swimming community.
"We see you, value you and accept you," Campbell said.
"My role, however, is also to stand up here, having asked our world governing body, FINA, to investigate, deliberate and uphold the cornerstone of fairness in elite women's competition.
"And it pains me — that this part of my role — may injure, infuriate and, potentially, alienate people from an already marginalised [transgender] community.
"Believe me, I have wrestled long and hard with myself, with what to say and do. I am aware that my actions and words, no matter what I say, will anger some people — whether they are from the [transgender] community or from the cisgender female community."
Campbell — who moved to Australia from Malawi in 2001 as a nine-year-old — said she understood the importance that sport played in inclusion, but said fairness was a "cornerstone" of professional competition.
"If inclusion is one of the cornerstones of sport, then the other would be fairness, fairness in regards to competition, especially elite, professional competition," she said.
"The incongruity that inclusion and fairness cannot always work together is one of the reasons why it is so difficult to talk about this topic.
"Usually, they are terms of absolutes which work together, yet science now tells us that, in this issue, they are incompatible."
Fellow Australian swimmer Maddie Groves was critical of Campbell's comments, and asked if she was "okay with ostracising an already maligned group".
"There are already gender diverse people in swimming and I’m guessing they’re not feeling very accepted [right now]," Groves said on Twitter.
"Shame on everyone that supported this discriminatory and unscientific decision."
FINA's decision — which is the strictest ruling from an Olympic sports body — states that male-to-female transgender athletes are eligible to compete, only if "they can establish to FINA's comfortable satisfaction that they have not experienced any part of male puberty beyond Tanner Stage 2 [of puberty] or before age 12, whichever is later".
The policy was passed with a roughly 71 per cent majority after it was put to the members of 152 national federations with voting rights who had gathered for the congress at the Puskás Aréna in Budapest.
Cate Campbell's full speech to FINA
In 2001 my family and I relocated from the small African country Malawi to Brisbane, Australia. A family of soon-to-be seven, we knew no-one and knew nothing about the city we would be calling home.
Almost as soon as we had landed, my parents started looking for ways to integrate us into the Australian community. And that is how, at the age of nine — much to my consternation, for I had been enjoying the warmth of my bed — I found myself being taken to my first swimming club.
It was there, in the bustling suburbs of Brisbane, that a shy, tall, freckly girl, with a strange South African accent and absolutely no fashion sense, found her place. A community to be a part of. People to help me understand the subtle nuances of talking "Australian" — that, when my coach said, "See you this arvo" he meant "See you this afternoon". I felt included, valued, seen for who I was, and accepted for it.
Inclusion. This, I think, is one of the core principles underpinning sport — and is one of the gifts sports gives society. It creates a community, drawing people together, irrespective of background, race or religion, while also fighting the growing obesity and mental health epidemics.
In Australia, it is estimated that 40 per cent or 11.1 million people aged over 15 participate in some type of community sport, while 62 per cent of children aged under 15 participate in community sport at least once per week. I am sure these numbers could be taken and extrapolated to many countries around the world.
If inclusion is one of the cornerstones of sport, then the other would be fairness, fairness in regards to competition, especially elite, professional competition.
Unlike in community or amateur sport, in elite sport, winning and losing goes hand in hand with politics, money and power.
Creating a place where men and women can come up against the best of their contemporaries and battle it out — down to 100ths and 10ths of a second. This battle, this standing up and comparing of wills and physique is what draws people to watch sport — to see who can squeeze the very last ounce out of their bodies and minds and emerge victorious. Without fair competition, sport in its elite sense, would cease to exist.
Usually, inclusion and fairness go hand in hand. To create a place that is inclusive, is to create a space that is fair. Transgender, gender-diverse and non-binary athletes' inclusion in the female category of elite sport, is one of the few occasions where these two principles come into conflict.
The incongruity that inclusion and fairness cannot always work together is one of the reasons why it is so difficult to talk about this topic.
Usually, they are terms of absolutes which work together, yet science now tells us, that in this issue, they are incompatible.
I stand before you, as a four-time Olympian, a world champion and a world record holder. I stand before you, as a beneficiary of fair, elite competition. Yet my job today is not to explain the nuances of FINA's transgender policy. Nor is it to defend the conclusions reached by medical and legal professionals of much greater intellect than mine.
My role is to stand before you, as an athlete who has enjoyed many, many years in this sport and who hopes to continue to enjoy a few more years. To stand here and tell the transgender and gender-diverse community that we want you to be part of the broader swimming community.
We see you, value you and accept you. My role, however, is also to stand up here, having asked our world governing body, FINA, to investigate, deliberate and uphold the cornerstone of fairness in elite women's competition.
And it pains me, that this part of my role may injure, infuriate and, potentially, alienate people from an already marginalised [transgender] community.
Believe me, I have wrestled long and hard with myself, with what to say and do. I am aware that my actions and words, no matter what I say, will anger some people — whether they are from the [transgender] community or from the cisgender female community.
However, I am asking everyone to take a breath, to absorb before reacting. Listen to the science and experts. Listen to the people who stand up here and tell you how difficult it has been to reconcile inclusion and fairness.
That men and women are physiologically different cannot be disputed. We are only now beginning to explore and understand the origins of these physiological differences and the lasting effects of exposure to differing hormones. Women, who have fought long and hard to be included and seen as equals in sport, can only do so because of the gender category distinction. To remove that distinction would be to the detriment of female athletes everywhere.
The creation of this policy did not stem from "feelings", what we "felt" was the right thing to do. The policy was created with the inclusion of medical professionals, legal professionals, athletes, coaches and people from the transgender community. It is a policy that pays attention to inclusion, but prioritises fairness.
Ultimately, this not about winners and losers, it is about investigating and developing a policy which accurately represents the science and draws a line to protect the fairness of the female category distinction in elite sport.
Not community sport, not amateur sport — elite, professional sport. I want the broader swimming community to be a place of safety and acceptance for the gender-diverse — and I call on all the federations sitting within this room to examine your own policies to ensure the world of swimming remains inclusive.
It is my hope that young girls all around the world can continue to dream of becoming Olympic and World Champions in a female category prioritising the competitive cornerstone of fairness.
However, it is also my hope that a young gender-diverse child can walk into a swimming club and feel the same level of acceptance that a nine-year-old immigrant kid from Africa did all those years ago.
