Jaba, Pakistan - Indian air raids launched on Pakistani territory earlier this week destroyed parts of a mostly uninhabited forest and a farmer's field, witnesses and local officials told Al Jazeera, although mystery still surrounds a religious school run by the armed group Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) near the bombing site.
Four bombs hit a forest and a field in a remote area outside of the northern Pakistani town of Jaba, about 100km north of the capital, Islamabad, Al Jazeera found on a visit to the site on Wednesday.
Splintered pine trees and rocks were strewn across the blast craters, and there was no evidence of any building debris or casualties. Metal shrapnel from the bombs was visible in four distinct craters.
India claimed on Tuesday to have conducted air raids against a "Jaish-e-Muhammad training camp" in the area, saying "a very large number of JeM terrorists, trainers, senior commanders and groups of jihadis who were being trained for [suicide] action were eliminated."
Pakistan has denied sustaining any casualties. On Wednesday, Pakistan's military said its aircraft launched air raids on six locations in the Indian-administered territory of the disputed region of Kashmir.
Local hospital officials and several residents who rushed to the scene said they did not find any bodies or wounded people following the Indian attack, which took place at approximately 3am local time on Tuesday (22:00 GMT).
"I woke up at the sound of the first explosion, and ran out of bed," said Nooran Shah, 58, a farmer on whose land two of the bombs landed. "The second blast knocked the doors off my house."
When Shah went outside to investigate, he said, a piece of shrapnel or a stone struck him on the forehead, wounding him.
Syed Rehman Shah, 50, a neighbour, said he, too, ran from his home when he heard the blasts.
"I heard four loud explosions, separated by a few seconds each," said Rehman Shah. "It felt like the day of judgement had come."
Shah said he saw "fire and smoke" as he ran to the aid of his neighbour.
His forehead wounded, Shah fell unconscious. He was later moved to safety and taken to a hospital. The walls of Shah's home appeared to have cracked and there were several holes in the walls where shrapnel seemed to have hit.
"We are just farmers out here, we grow wheat and maize," said Rehman Shah. "Some people keep some livestock."
Mysterious JeM religious school
Following the air raids, India's foreign ministry said it had hit a training camp run by JeM founder Masood Azhar's brother-in-law, Yousuf Azhar.
Founded in 2000, JeM is an armed group that has launched several high-profile attacks against Indian security and government targets, mostly in the disputed region of Kashmir.
Most recently, JeM claimed a suicide attack that killed at least 42 Indian security forces personnel in the Indian-administered Kashmir town of Pulwama, triggering the latest crisis between nuclear-armed India and Pakistan.
India accuses Pakistan of offering sanctuary to JeM and other armed groups. Following the Pulwama incident, a top Indian military commander said the country had evidence the attack had been "controlled" by Pakistani intelligence.
Pakistan denies the charge and says it has been acting against JeM since banning the group in 2002.
Less than a kilometre to the east of one of the bomb craters, atop a steep ridge, sits a religious school run by JeM, residents told Al Jazeera. A signboard positioned some distance away confirmed the location of the school, and that it was run by the armed group.
The sign for the Madrassa Taleem-ul-Quran lists Masood Azhar as its leader and Muhammad Yousuf Azhar as its administrator.
Masood Azhar founded JeM after he was released from Indian custody in exchange for more than 150 hostages after the hijacking of an Indian commercial airliner in 1999. He remains under US sanctions for JeM's alleged links to the Afghan Taliban.
Yousuf Azhar is wanted by India in connection with the 1999 hijacking.
Al Jazeera was unable to visit the site of the school.
Religious fighters present?
Residents offered conflicting accounts of the facility's work, with some saying it only offered religious education for local schoolchildren, while others alleged it was a training camp for JeM fighters.
"The madrassa [religious school] there, at the top of the mountain, that is a training camp for mujahideen [religious fighters]," said one resident, gesturing in the direction of the school. He spoke on condition of anonymity given the sensitivity of the subject.
"Everyone here knows there is a Jaish camp there, at the madrassa," said another 31-year-old local resident, also on condition of anonymity. "It is an active training centre, they teach people how to fight there."
Others, however, disputed that claim.
"There is no camp here, and no terrorists either," said Mir Afzal Gulzar, who lives a few kilometres away.
"There was a mujahideen camp here, during the 1980s, but it is gone now," he said.
There is evidence to suggest the school was an active recruitment centre, if not a training site, for JeM.
In April 2018, Abdul Rauf Asghar - a top JeM commander and Masood Azhar's brother - addressed a yearly religious gathering at the school, calling upon those present to join the Islamic religious war, according to an article in JeM-affiliated publication Al-Qalam.
A line from the article: "This institution is progressing every day in its aim of providing education, and instruction in religion and jihad."
Speakers at the event praised the concept of fighting in the name of religion and, according to the article: "offered arguments against certain notions that have been spread against jihad".
A US Department of Defense memo dated January 31, 2004, leaked by Wikileaks in 2011, indicates the existence of "a [JeM] training camp that offers both basic and advanced terrorist training on explosives and artillery" located near Jaba.
The memo mentions the case of Khalil Rehman Hafez, a Pakistani national and member of JeM who was captured in Afghanistan while fighting US forces and transferred to the Guantanamo Bay prison. Hafez was released and repatriated to Pakistan in 2004.
Back at the bomb site in Jaba, the afternoon sun shines through thick pine forest as local residents gather at Nooran Shah's house. Some investigate the crater, under the watchful eye of Pakistani soldiers, while others pose for the cameras of local media.
In the shadow of the cracked wall of Shah's house, a defiant group begins to yell patriotic slogans for the cameras.
Shah, a slight man clad in a blue shalwar kameez - a traditional tunic with long trousers - and still sporting a white bandage around his forehead, turns to face another interviewer.
Asad Hashim is Al Jazeera's digital correspondent in Pakistan. He tweets @AsadHashim
