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Aerial Fire Suppressants: How They Work And Potential Effects

Fire retardant covers leaves as crews battle the Palisades Fire in Mandeville Canyon, Jan. 11, 2025, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Eric Thayer, File)

Aircraft battling fires raging through the Los Angeles area are dropping more than water: Hundreds of thousands of gallons of hot-pink fire suppressant ahead of the flames in a desperate effort to stop them before they destroy more neighborhoods.

The fires have killed at least 24 people, displaced thousands, and destroyed more than 12,000 structures since they began last Tuesday. Four fires driven by strong Santa Ana winds have charred about 62 square miles (160 square kilometers), according to Cal Fire.

Why are they being used in Los Angeles?

The fires are burning quickly through canyons and other rugged areas that are difficult for firefighters on the ground to reach, Cal Fire said. Aerial fire suppressants are an invaluable tool in such situations, although they have limitations, especially in strong winds.

How do they work?

Aerial fire suppressants are generally a mixture of water, ammonium phosphate, and iron oxide. These suppressants help starve a fire of oxygen, slow the rate of burn by cooling and coating vegetation, and make plants non-flammable.

Potential effects on environment and wildlife
Aerial suppressants crucial in reaching rugged terrains quickly burning in fires.
Hot-pink fire suppressant used in Los Angeles to combat wildfires.
Suppressants starve fires of oxygen, cool vegetation, and make plants non-flammable.
Concerns exist about environmental impact of fire suppressants on wildlife.

While fire suppressants are considered safe for people, concerns exist about their impact on wildlife. Research has shown the presence of heavy metals in some suppressants, raising questions about potential environmental effects downstream of wildfires.

Use of retardants seen as imperative to avoid greater risks

The use of fire retardants is crucial in protecting communities from health risks associated with wildfires, including exposure to toxic particles in smoke. Studies have linked wildfire smoke to respiratory and cardiovascular problems, as well as potential impacts on brain health.

Despite the need for further research on fire suppressants, their value in firefighting efforts remains significant. The use of wildland fire retardant is seen as a vital strategy to save lives, protect communities, and mitigate the impact of wildfires.

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